MANIFEST DESTINY 1870s 1890s Period 6 1865 1898

MANIFEST DESTINY 1870’s – 1890’s Period 6 (1865 -1898) Key Concept 6. 2 The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the US and caused dramatic social and cultural change. 1

1872

PEOPLE OF THE AMERICAN WEST During the Industrial Revolution American Indians of the 250, 000 west. West of the Mississippi Importance of horses (Spanish) and buffalo (nomadic) to Am. Inds Indian Removal Act (1830’s Movement) Fort Laramie Treaty ‘memb er this? Guaranteed safe settler travel along Oregon Trail for “forever” defined Am. Ind lands. Hispanic Held West some Spanish cultural characteristics; Influence of Catholic missions SW gained from Mexican-American War (1846 -48) Hispanics become part of large working class 3

PEOPLE OF THE AMERICAN WEST During the Industrial Revolution The Chines Gold Rush (1849) and need for RR workers and miners sparked mass immigration e non-European ethnicity in California er Largest memb ‘ Welcomed at first, until became job competition this? “Yellow Peril” 1. 2. Migration from the East 3. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Held some Spanish cultural characteristics; Influence of Catholic missions SW gained from Mexican-American War (1846 -48) Hispanics become part of large working class 4

Disruption of the RRs TRANSFORMATION OF THE AMERICAN WEST AND ITS CULTURE During the Industrial Revolution Negative impact on Am. Inds Lands and Buffalo RRs selling land rights for settlement and mining RRs largest and most dangerous occupation Promotes national market; a new way to access Asian markets 5

TRANSFORMATION OF THE AMERICAN WEST AND ITS CULTURE Cowboy’s Frontier (1870’s –During the Industrial Revolution 1880’s) Growing population creates need for meat and new occupation – the cowboy. Vast open lands supports large herds; cattle drives to get to “cow towns. ” Cowboy ends with low beef prices and barbed wire fence. The Miner’s Frontier“get rich quick” Developed miner towns; diverse population Anarchy over land/mining rights The Farmers’ Frontier New challenges fighting mother nature New machinery: mechanization of farming er ‘memb this? Homestead Act (1862) 6

AMERICAN INDIANS: LAST STAND Broken Federal Treaties and Promises Lack of respect of Am. Ind sovereignty and culture Can Am. Inds assimilate into Am culture? er ‘memb this? Worcester v. Georgia (1832) The Commerce Clause: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U. S. Constitution; Give Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. ”

AMERICAN INDIANS: LAST STAND American Indian Wars (1870’s-1890) Little Big Horn Discovery(1876) of gold in Black Hills White settlers v. Lakota and Cheyenne Army Cavalry General “Custer’s Last Stand” Geronimo Surrenders (1886) A 30 year fight with US Army/white settlers ends when Apache Chief Geronimo surrenders. Wounded Knee Last of the great Am. Ind wars (1890) Ghost Dance spreads; promise from Messiah to defeat white settlers Misinterpretation of Dance prompts action by US Calvary; violence; defeat of Sioux. Nez Pez Chief Joseph (1840 -1904) “I will fight no more forever. ” 9

Mother Nature Taxes Mechanization 12

Assimilationist Strategy to end Am. Ind culture Reformerss: advocated formal education, job training and conversion to Christianity. Ex: Carlise Indian School, Pennsylvania Dawes Severalty Act (1887) To “civilize” Am. Inds by breaking up tribal organizations. Divided tribal lands into 160 acres; given to families Given citizenship if families stayed on the land for 25 years and “adopted habits of civilized life. ” Jim Thorpe Carlise Football (1909) Coach Glenn Scobey Warner (1907) Indians Defeats Harvard Helen Hunt Jackson (1881) Builds sympathy of Am. Ind; and support for assimilation. 13

AMERICAN INDIANS: LAST STAND Oklahoma “Indian Territory” Land Rushed (18891890’s) “Far and Away” Trailer “Far and Away” Land Rush

THE CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER The US Census Bureau Declares the Frontier “Closed” The line dividing the frontier from civilization no longer existed Turner Frederick Jackson American Historian (1861 -1932) Essay: “The Frontier in American History” (1893) Frontier shaped Am identity independent, self-reliant, optimistic The West was a “social leveler”