Managing the flow of technology Technology transfer and

Managing the flow of technology: Technology transfer and the dissemination of technological information within R&D organization - Chapter 3 (p. 35 -57) - 기술혁신 세미나 박사 과정 함 경선 석사 과정 최 은정 Allen, T. J. (1977)

Scientist와 Engineer 개념의 혼용 � Many social scientists still view the two groups as essentially the same and feel no need to distinguish between them. � This approach totally neglect the vast differences between the two professions. � It is just that failure to recognize the distinction that has resulted in so much misdirected policy.

Scientist와 Engineer의 차이(1) Scientist Krulee and Nadler(1960 ) • Independence • Learning (education) • Career>Family Ritti(1971) Engineer +Management • Success • Professional preparation (means to end) • Family>career • Reputation outside the • Activities within company • On top of all of this lies the most important difference : level of education. • Engineer- baccalaureate level, some master, no college degree • Scientist-almost doctorate

Scientist와 Engineer의 차이(2) Scientist • Cumulative manner 공통점 차이점 Information Transfer engineer • Recorded in literature • Publish less Less time to reading • “invisible • Close association with colleagues” co-workers Bureaucratic - Free to choose Organization - communicated with research community • Employed by organization - Interest to his employer - refrain from disclosure • Impact of Localism on communication • Proprietary must be protected • Cannot be published • Informal documentation system • the effect of turnover • Carries some knowledge of the employer’s

Science와 Technology 사이의 관계

Science와 Technology 사이의 정보 흐름

Why do firms do basic research with their own money? Rosenberg. N. (1990)

Economic theory의 입장 Typically, no reasonable expectation that these expenditures will begin to generate a cash flow in the next few years or so. � Private enterprise economy fails to provide adequate incentives for investment in knowledge production. [Arrow and Nelson] Why, then?

Economic theory의 입장 � Reason 1. ◦ inherently a high degree of uninsurable risk and uncertainty � Reason 2. ◦ knowledge, once produced, … was freely available to all

Basic Research와 � Basic research Applied Research ◦ fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than a practical application thereof � Applied research ◦ knowledge or understanding necessary for determining the means by which a recognized and specific need may be met � The distinction between basic research and applied research is highly artificial and arbitrary. � It is likely to be most effective when it is highly interactive with the work, or the concerns, of applied scientists and engineers.

Basic Research의 필요성 � Understand research better how and where to conduct ◦ Making effective decisions / Evaluating the outcome ◦ That must be a major reason � “On the shelf” � Requires a substantial research capability to understand, interpret and to appraise knowledge � The cost of maintaining this capability is high, because it requires a cadre � The firm must be willing to let them perform basic research

Appropriability � Research is socially desirable precisely because it often generates such widespread and indiscriminate benefits. � First-mover advantage � acquire valuable assets � consolidate their market position through patent protection. � Late-mover could gain the same knowledge at a lower cost while, … avoiding the major mistakes that the first-mover made en route.

Size and Market Power � The potential payoff to basic research is so long term, only firms that were reasonably confident of being around in the long term would be likely to consider the possibility of making such commitments. � 1. The most successful basic research labs have been in firms with strong market position. � 2. small firms … are difficult to patent and hence the flow of payoffs cannot be capitalized.

Spillover Effect � The existence of this enormous market obviously influence the R&D decisions of private firms that want to improve their visibility and their eligibility for government military procurement contracts. � In the past there have been specific civilian technological systems that have realized substantial benefits from military R&D.

그 밖에… � diverse range of products � strong marketing � distribution networks 그렇다면, 사이즈가 작고, Market Power도 약한 회사의 경우는?

Anomalous Case-Biotechnology � First-mover advantages or an expectation that first-mover advantages �… extension of the law must certainly strengthen the incentives to do basic research.