Managerial Accounting Weygandt Kieso Kimmel Prepared by Karleen

Managerial Accounting Weygandt, Kieso, & Kimmel Prepared by Karleen Nordquist. . The College of St. Benedict. . . and St. John’s University. . . with contributions by Marianne Bradford. . The University of Tennessee. . . Gregory K. Lowry…. Macon Technical Institute…. . John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 1 § Managerial Accounting

Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting. 2 Identify the three broad functions of management. 3 Define three classes of manufacturing costs. 4 Distinguish between product and period costs. 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income statement.

Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined. 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet.

Preview of Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting Basics • Comparing managerial and MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING financial accounting • Ethical standards • Management functions Managerial Cost Concepts • Manufacturing costs • Product versus period costs

Preview of Chapter 1 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING • Income statement • Balance sheet • Cost Concepts: a review Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting • Technological change • Quality • Focus on activities • Service industry needs

Managerial Accounting Basics Managerial accounting (management accounting) is a field of accounting that provides economic and financial information for managers and other internal users.

Managerial Accounting Basics The activities that are part of managerial accounting are as follows: 1 Explaining manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs and how they are reported in the financial statements. 2 Computing the cost of rendering a service or manufacturing a product. 3 Determining the behavior of costs and expenses as activity levels change and analyzing cost-volumeprofit relationships within a company.

Managerial Accounting Basics The activities that are part of managerial accounting are as follows: 4 Assisting management in profit planning and formalizing the plans in the form of budgets. 5 Providing a basis for controlling costs and expenses by comparing actual results with planned objectives and standard costs. 6 Accumulating and using relevant data for management decision making.

Study Objective 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.

Differences Between Financial and Managerial Accounting Illustration 1 -1 a

Differences Between Financial and Managerial Accounting Illustration 1 -1 b

Ethical Standards for Managerial Accountants § Managerial accountants recognize that they have an ethical obligation to their companies and the public. § To provide guidance for managerial accountants in the performance of their duties, the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) has developed a code of ethical standards, entitled Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management Accountants. § This code divides the managerial accountant’s responsibilities into 4 areas: – competence, – confidentiality, – integrity, and – objectivity.

Study Objective 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.

Management Functions The management of an organization performs three broad functions: § Planning § Directing and motivating § Controlling

Management Functions: Planning § Planning requires management to – look ahead, and – establish objectives. § These objectives are usually quite diverse, but a key modern management objective appears to be to add value to the business under its control. § Value is usually measured by – the trading price of the company’s stock and – the potential selling price of the company.

Management Functions: Directing and Motivating § Directing and motivating involves coordinating diverse activities and human resources to produce a smooth-running operation. § This function relates to the implementation of planned objectives. § Most companies prepare organization charts to show – the interrelationship of activities, and – the delegation of authority and responsibility within the company.

Management Functions: Controlling § Controlling is the process of keeping the firm’s activities on track. § In controlling operations, management determines – whether planned goals are being met, and – what changes are necessary when there are deviations from targeted objectives.

Managerial Cost Concepts To perform the three management functions effectively, management needs information. One very important type of information is related to costs. For example, questions such as the following need answering: – What costs are involved in making the product? – If production volume is decreased, will costs decrease? – What impact will automation have on total costs? – How can costs best be controlled in the organization?

Management Functions Review Pla nn ing & g n i ct e r i g n D i r o it n Decision o M Making Controlling Page 7

Study Objective 3 Define three classes of manufacturing costs.

Managerial Cost Concepts Manufacturing consists of activities and processes that convert raw materials into finished goods. Manufacturing costs are usually classified as follows: – Direct Materials – Direct Labor – Manufacturing Overhead

Manufacturing Costs: Direct Materials § Raw materials represent the basic materials and parts that are to be used in the manufacturing process. § Raw materials that can be physically and conveniently associated with the finished product during the manufacturing process are termed direct materials. DIRECT MATERIALS

Manufacturing Costs: Indirect Materials Some raw materials cannot be easily associated with the finished product. These are considered indirect materials. Indirect materials – do not physically become part of the finished product, or – cannot be traced because their physical association with the finished product is too small in terms of cost. Indirect materials are accounted for as part of manufacturing overhead.

Manufacturing Costs: Direct Labor Direct labor is the work of factory employees that can be physically and conveniently associated with converting raw materials into finished goods. DIRECT LABOR

Manufacturing Costs: Indirect Labor The wages of maintenance people, timekeepers, and supervisors are normally categorized as indirect labor because their efforts have no physical association with the finished product or it is impractical to trace the costs to the goods provided. . Like indirect materials, indirect labor is part of manufacturing overhead.

Manufacturing Costs: Manufacturing Overhead Manufacturing overhead consists of costs that are indirectly associated with the manufacture of the finished product. These costs may also be defined as manufacturing costs that cannot be classified as either direct materials or direct labor. Manufacturing overhead includes MANUFACTURING – indirect materials; OVERHEAD – indirect labor; – depreciation on factory buildings and machinery; and – insurance, taxes, and maintenance on factory facilities.

Study Objective 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.

Product Costs Product costs (also called inventoriable costs) include each of the manufacturing cost elements (direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead). They are the costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the finished product. These costs are not expensed (as cost of goods sold) under the matching principle until the finished goods inventory is sold.

Product Costs: Prime and Conversion Direct materials and direct labor are often referred to as prime costs due to their direct association with the manufacturing of the finished product. Direct labor and manufacturing overhead are often referred to as conversion costs since they are incurred in converting raw materials into finished goods.

Period Costs Period costs are identifiable with a specific time period rather than a salable product. Period costs are deducted from revenues in the period in which they are incurred. Period costs relate to nonmanufacturing, (thus, noninventoriable) costs, and include selling and administrative expenses.

Product Versus Period Costs All Costs Product Costs Period Costs Manufacturing Costs Nonmanufacturing Costs (Go to Balance Sheet before Income Statement) Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead (Go straight to Income Statement) Prime Costs Conversion Costs Selling Expenses Administrative Expenses Illustration 1 -4

Study Objective 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income statement.

Merchandising versus Manufacturing Income Statements Under a periodic inventory system, the income statements of a merchandising company and a manufacturing company differ in the cost of goods sold section. For a merchandising company, cost of goods sold is calculated by adding the beginning merchandise inventory and the cost of goods purchased, and subtracting the ending merchandise inventory. For a manufacturing company, cost of goods sold is calculated by adding the beginning finished goods inventory and the cost of goods manufactured, and subtracting the ending finished goods inventory.

Cost of Goods Sold Components Merchandising Company Beginning Merchandise Inventory + Cost of Goods Purchased - Ending Merchandise Inventory = Cost of Goods Sold Manufacturing Company Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + Cost of Goods Manufactured - Ending Finished Goods Inventory = Illustration 1 -5

Cost of Goods Sold Sections of Merchandising and Manufacturing Companies The following cost of goods sold sections for merchandising and manufacturing enterprises highlight the different presentations: MERCHANDISING COMPANY Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 1999 Cost of goods sold Merchandise inventory, January 1 Cost of goods purchased Cost of goods available for sale Merchandise inventory, December 31 Cost of goods sold $ 70, 000 650, 000 720, 000 400, 000 $ 320, 000 Illustration 1 -6 a

Cost of Goods Sold Sections of Merchandising and Manufacturing Companies MANUFACTURING COMPANY Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 1999 Cost of goods sold Finished goods inventory, January 1 Cost of goods manufactured Cost of goods available for sale Finished goods inventory, December 31 Cost of goods sold $ 90, 000 370, 000 460, 000 80, 000 $ 380, 000 Illustration 1 -6 b

Study Objective 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined.

Cost of Goods Manufactured Formula The total cost of work in process for the year is equal to the sum of: – the cost of the beginning work in process inventory and – the total manufacturing costs for the current period. To find the cost of goods manufactured, we subtract the cost of the ending work in process inventory from the total cost of work in process. Beginning Work in Process Inventory Total Cost of Work in Process + Total Current Manufacturing Costs = Total Cost of Work in Process - Ending Work in Process Inventory = Cost of Goods Manufactured Illustration 1 -7

Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule To eliminate excessive detail, it is customary to present only the total cost of goods manufactured in the Income Statement. An internal financial schedule called a Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule (as shown on the right) shows each of the cost elements. Illustration 1 -8 OLSEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule For the Year Ended December 31, 1999 Work in process, January 1 $ 18, 400 Direct materials Raw materials inventory, January 1 $ 16, 700 Raw materials purchases 152, 500 Total raw materials available for use 169, 200 Less: Raw materials inventory, December 31 22, 800 Direct materials used $ 146, 400 Direct labor 175, 600 Manufacuring overhead Indirect labor 14, 300 Factory repairs 12, 600 Factory utilities 10, 100 Factory depreciation 9, 440 Factory insurance 8, 360 Total manufacturing overhead 54, 800 Total manufacuring costs 376, 800 Total cost of work in process 395, 200 Less: Work in process, December 31 25, 200 Cost of goods manufactured $ 370, 000

Study Objective 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet.

Merchandising versus Manufacturing Balance Sheets Unlike the balance sheet for a merchandising company, which shows just one inventory category, the balance sheet of a manufacturing company may have three inventory accounts: – Finished Goods Inventory, which shows the cost of completed goods on hand; – Work in Process Inventory, which shows the cost applicable to units that have been started into production but are only partially completed; and – Raw Materials Inventory, which shows the cost of raw materials on hand.

Current Assets Sections of Merchandising and Manufacturing Balance Sheets The following current assets sections of balance sheets contrast the presentation of inventories of a merchandising company with those of a manufacturing company. The remainder of the balance sheet is similar for the two types of companies. Merchandise Company Balance Sheet December 31, 1999 Current assets Cash Receivables (net) Merchandise inventory Prepaid expenses Total current assets $ 100, 000 210, 000 400, 000 22, 000 $ 732, 000 Illustration 1 -10 a

Current Assets Sections of Merchandising and Manufacturing Balance Sheets Manufacturing inventories are generally listed in the order of liquidity – their expected realization in cash. Thus, finished goods inventory is listed first. Manufacturing Company Balance Sheet December 31, 1999 Current assets Cash Receivables (net) Inventories: Finished goods Work in process Raw materials Prepaid expenses Total current assets $ 180, 000 210, 000 $ 80, 000 25, 200 22, 800 128, 000 18, 000 $ 536, 000 Illustration 1 -10 b

Cost Concepts: A Review Assignment of Costs to Cost Categories Illustration 1 -11

Cost Concepts: A Review Computation of Manufacturing Cost Total manufacturing costs are the sum of the product costs – direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead costs. Northridge Company produces 10, 000 prehung wooden doors the first year. The total manufacturing Manufacturing costs are: Cost Number and Item Illustration 1 -12 1. Material cost ($10 X 10, 000) 2. Labor cost ($8 X 10, 000) 3. Depreciation on new equipment 4. Property taxes 7. Maintenance salaries 8. Salary of plant manager Total manufacturing costs Cost $ 100, 000 80, 000 25, 000 6, 000 28, 000 70, 000 $ 309, 000

Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting Due to increased global competition from such countries as Japan and Germany, contemporary business managers demand different and better information than they needed just a few years ago. The factors on the following slides contribute to the expanding role of managerial accounting as we look toward the next century.

Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting § Technological Change — Through computerintegrated manufacturing (CIM), many companies can now manufacture products that are untouched by human hands. Also, the widespread use of computers has greatly reduced the cost of accumulating, storing, and reporting managerial accounting information.

Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting § Quality — Many companies have installed a total quality control (TQC) system to reduce defects in finished products. More emphasis is now put on nonfinancial measures such as customer satisfaction, number of service calls, and time to generate reports. Attention to these measures, which employees can control, leads to increased profitability. In addition, many companies have begun using just-in-time inventory methods (JIT), under which goods are manufactured or purchased just in time for use. This lowers the costs of holding and storing inventory.

Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting § Focus on Activities — In order to obtain more accurate product costs, many companies are accounting for overhead costs by the activities used in making the product. Activities include purchasing materials, handling raw materials, and production order scheduling. This development is called activity based costing (ABC).

Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting § Service Industry Needs — In some respects, the challenges for managerial accounting are greater in service enterprises than in manufacturing companies. In some companies, it may be necessary for the managerial accountant to develop new systems for measuring the cost of serving individual customers and new operating controls to improve the quality and efficiency of specific services.

Contemporary Developments in Managerial Accounting A Final Comment — Not long ago, the managerial accountant was primarily engaged in cost accounting – collecting and reporting manufacturing costs to management. Today, the managerial accountant’s responsibilities extend to cost management – providing managers with data on the efficient use of company resources in both manufacturing and service industries.

Appendix 1 A § Accounting Cycle for a Manufacturing Company

Appendix 1 A Study Objective 8 Prepare a worksheet and closing entries for a manufacturing company.

Appendix 1 A Accounting Cycle for a Manufacturing Company The accounting cycle for a manufacturing company is the same as for a merchandising company when a periodic inventory system is used. Except for additional manufacturing inventories and cost accounts, the journalizing and posting of transactions and adjustments, and the preparation of a trial balance are the same. There are some changes in the preparation of the work sheet and closing entries.

Appendix 1 A Accounting Cycle for a Manufacturing Company Two additional columns are needed in the work sheet for the cost of goods manufactured. In these columns, the beginning inventories of raw materials and work in process are entered as debits, and the ending inventories are entered as credits; all manufacturing costs are entered as debits. To close all of the accounts that appear in the cost of goods manufactured schedule, a Manufacturing Summary account is used.

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Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting