Management of Rodents Golden Apple Snail and Birds

Management of Rodents, Golden Apple Snail and Birds 26. 09. 202 1 1

Learning Outcomes At the end of the module, participants should be able to: Identify major rodents, snail and bird pests of rice, Identify what stage of the rice plant is critical to rodents, snail and bird damage or infestation, and Explain the different management strategies for rodents, snails and bird pests in rice production 26. 09. 202 1 2

Structure Lesson 1. Management of Rodents Lesson 2. Management of Golden Apple Snails (GAS) Lesson 3. Management of Birds 26. 09. 202 1 3

Lesson 1: Management of 26. 09. 202 1 Rodents 4

Learning Outcomes At the end of the module, participants should be able to: Identify rodent pest of rice, Explain the life cycle of rodents, Identify what stage of rice plant is critical to rodent damage, and Explain the different management strategies for rodents in rice production 26. 09. 202 1 5

Structure Population and behavioral ecology of rodents Damage by rodents Growth stage of rice plant where this pest is dominant Control and management of rodents 26. 09. 202 1 6

Basic facts about rodents Rodents do not like wide, open spaces because they are more vulnerable to attack from predators. They like to hide and burrow in weedy areas near major irrigation canals, in village gardens and in other non-crop areas which provide good cover. 26. 09. 202 1 7

Common Rat Pest Species of Rice in the Philippines Rattus norvegicus 26. 09. 202 1 8

Common Rat Pest Species of Rice in the Philippines Rattus argentiventer 26. 09. 202 1 9

Common Rat Pest Species of Rice in the Philippines Rattus tanezumi 26. 09. 202 1 10

Common Rat Pest Species of Rice in the Philippines Rattus exulans 26. 09. 202 1 11

Population and behavioral ecology of rodents 26. 09. 202 1 12

Population and behavioral ecology of rodents 26. 09. 202 1 13

Damages of rodents 26. 09. 202 1 14

Growth stages of the rice plant where this pest is dominant 26. 09. 202 1 15

Control and management of rodents 26. 09. 202 1 16

Control and management of rodents Successful rodent management involves the active participation of an entire community, preferably during the early season of the rice crops’ vegetative stage. Rodents can be controlled by limiting their food and habitat. This is effectively done through a community-wide effort. 26. 09. 202 1 17

Control and management of rodents Suggested methods of rodent control 1. Early action is the most effective – before the rats breed. Physical or mechanical methods such as blanket system or “drive”, destroying burrows, and flame throwing are ways of controlling rats. Community rat control campaigns are best done within the first three (3) weeks before planting. 26. 09. 202 1 18

Control and management of rodents Suggested methods of rodent control 2. Using the trap barrier system is also a very effective technique. For every 10 -hectare adjacent rice area, allot a 20 x 20 m area in the plot for planting rice to be used as bait. Use aromatic and good eating quality varieties, planted a month ahead of the regular rice crop. Fence the area with 24. 5 inch high plastic sheets and support it with bamboo stakes. Make sure that the stakes are placed inside the plastic fence. Install rodent traps made of screen wires in four locations inside the fenced area. Where is the community trap barrier system set up? 26. 09. 202 1 19

Control and management of rodents 26. 09. 202 1 20

Control and management of rodents Suggested methods of rodent control 3. Cultural methods such as synchronous planting, field sanitation, and reduction of levee size to 6” x 8” to make it unsuitable for burrowing. 4. Chemical control such as use of rodenticides (acute or chronic) and fumigants. 26. 09. 202 1 21

Lesson 2 Management of 26. 09. 202 1 Golden Apple Snail 22

Counting of GAS Egg Mass 26. 09. 202 1 23

Learning Outcomes At the end of the module, participants should be able to: Describe the population and behavioral ecology of GAS Identify what stage of the rice plant is critical to GAS damage; and Explain the different management strategies for GAS in rice production. 26. 09. 202 1 24

Structure Population and behavioral ecology of GAS Damages from GAS Growth stage of the rice plant where this pest is dominant Control and management of GAS 26. 09. 202 1 25

Golden Apple Snails (GAS) What are Golden Apple Snails? 26. 09. 202 1 26

Golden Apple Snails (GAS) Eggs 26. 09. 202 1 27

Golden Apple Snails (GAS) Adult 26. 09. 202 1 28

Exercise 2. Identifying the sex of GAS 26. 09. 202 1 29

26. 09. 202 1 30

Population and behavioral ecology of GAS • Golden snails live in ponds, irrigated fields, swamps, canals and water-logged areas. • They bury themselves in moist soil during the dry season. • They can aestivate (sleep or hibernate) for six months, and then become active again when the soil is flooded. • They can survive in harsh environmental conditions such as low oxygen levels and polluted water. 26. 09. 202 1 31

Damages of GAS 26. 09. 202 1 32

Damages of GAS 26. 09. 202 1 33

Growth stage of rice plant where this pest is dominant 26. 09. 202 1 34

Control and management of GAS Continuous destruction of GAS eggs, hatchlings, and adults in a community-wide effort is the most important and effective way to control GAS. Suggested strategies to facilitate collection and destruction of GAS includes: 1. During the last harrowing, construct canalets (at least 25 cm wide and 5 cm deep) in the paddies along the edges of the levees. Provide 10 -15 m distance between canalets, thereby facilitating easy collection and destruction of GAS. This simple practice also facilitates and minimizes the use of molluscicides because application can be largely concentrated within the canalets. 26. 09. 202 1 35

Control and management of GAS Suggested strategies to facilitate collection and destruction of GAS include: 2. Herd ducks during land preparation up to the last harrowing and right after harvest as they feed on small GAS. 26. 09. 202 1 36

Control and management of GAS Suggested strategies to facilitate collection and destruction of GAS includes: 3. Place wire mesh or woven bamboo screen on the main irrigation water inlet and outlet to prevent the entry of GAS, to keep those inside the paddy from transferring to other fields, and to facilitate easier collection. 26. 09. 202 1 37

Control and management of GAS Suggested strategies to facilitate collection and destruction of GAS include: 4. Put attractants such as old newspaper or any plant materials (e. g. , leaves of gabi, banana, papaya, and trumpet flower), along the levees of the paddy to attract GAS and facilitate collection. 26. 09. 202 1 38

Control and management of GAS Suggested strategies to facilitate collection and destruction of GAS include: 5. Put bamboo stakes on waterlogged areas in the paddies or near canals for adult GAS to lay their eggs on. Through this, collection and crushing eggs is easier. 6. If GAS is a big problem, transplant 20 to 25 day old seedlings of early maturing varieties. 7. Drain the field occasionally to limit snail mobility and feeding activity during transplanting. 26. 09. 202 1 39

Control and management of GAS Some naturally occurring biological control agents help in managing GAS populations: • Red ants feed on GAS eggs. • Ducks eat the flesh and young snails. • Human beings eat the flesh when it is properly cooked. • Field rats bite on the shell and eat the flesh. • Long-horned grasshopper 26. 09. 202 predated on GAS egg 1 40

Manong Juan’s Dilemma Manong Juan’s rice crop was attacked by GAS the previous season. To prevent the problem from happening again, he plans to plant more seedlings so that there would still be enough plants left in case of GAS infestation. He also wants to flood the field so that he could kill the snails by drowning; he will employ the wet bed preparation method. Is Manong Juan’s decision right? 26. 09. 202 1 41

Integrated management scheme based on rice growth stages Preestablishme nt Land Preparation A Post production Crop establishment Vegetative Reproductive B and C Maturity After harvesting D E A = Duck pasturing, handpicking, constructing canalets, use of plant attractants and destruction of egg masses B = Handpicking, duck pasturing, screen trapping, staking, and destruction of egg masses C = Water management, handpicking, use of plant attractants, and destruction of egg masses D = Sustain handpicking and destruction of adults and eggs E = Duck pasturing, dry Land preparation 26. 09. 202 1 42

Lesson 3 Management of 26. 09. 202 1 Birds 43

Learning Outcomes At the end of the module, participants should be able to: Describe bird damage on the rice crops; Identify what stage of the rice plant is critical to bird damage; and Explain the different management strategies for birds in rice production. 26. 09. 202 1 44

Structure Damages from birds Growth stage of the rice plant where this pest is dominant Control and management of bird pests 26. 09. 202 1 45

Birds 26. 09. 202 1 46

Birds 26. 09. 202 1 47

Damages from birds Rice-eating birds chew rice grains, and can cause whitehead or unfilled panicles. 26. 09. 202 1 48

Damages from birds Whiteheads can also be caused by stemborer. To confirm the cause of damage: • In bird damage, not all grains are chaffy (some of the grains are filled). • In stemborer damage, all grains in a panicle are chaffy (empty) and the panicle can be pulled out easily 26. 09. 202 1 49

Growth stage of rice plant where this pest is dominant 26. 09. 202 1 50

Control and management of birds Reflective ribbons or used video or cassette tapes (if still available) strung across the rice fields is effective for scaring birds away. Other methods of driving them away include throwing dirt clods or firecrackers; making noise by pulling empty cans tied in strings; and use of scarecrows. Bird boy if used needs to be present in critical times from 6: 00 – 10: 00 am and 2: 00 – 6: 00 pm. 26. 09. 202 1 51

Control and management of birds Thirty to forty percent of the bird population can be managed by baiting before flowering for three to four days. Bait may be palay (1 kg) soaked for 24 hours in a liter of chemical. After the palay is removed from the chemical, scatter it in places where birds take their bath. However, these tactics are not usually effective for long unless backed up by people moving about the fields and contributing to the effort. 26. 09. 202 1 52

CONCLUSION 26. 09. 202 1 53

Activity: Evaluation What is the likelihood that the pests named below will be a problem under the different establishment or planting methods? Establish. Golden ment Rodents? Apple Snails Birds? Weeds? Method (GAS)? Transplanting Wet direct seeded Dry direct seeded 26. 09. 202 1 54

Thank you!!! 26. 09. 202 1 55