Management n Good Management Practices is Sustainable Profitable

Management n Good Management Practices is. . . Sustainable Profitable Environmentally friend Acceptable to farmer and communities n PDCA ����� 4 : ����� (������� ) ������ (�������� )

Management n 3 M - Materials - Money - Man n as objectives or vision or strategic planning - Plan (data, experience & knowledge( - Do - Check - Act

Pasture management ������� n What is pasture management? - Pasture = land + forage for cattle production - Management = doing + systems (or components) + productivity - Economic concern = input - output = profit n Objectives - High animal production - Sustainability of the resources & system

Solar energy Atmosphere Animal Plant / Forages Animal product Water CO 2 N 2 Land / soil Minerals

Animal production animal production / area = animal production/ head X no. of animal n animal production / head eg. milk/head/lactation, live weight gain /head/day etc. depends on n - genetics or breed - animal husbandary and hygine - feed of optimum quantity & quality n no. of animal vs carrying capacity

Agricultural systems for pasture in SE. Asia Paddy areas n Field crop areas n Fruit plantations n Permanent trees eg. rubber, oil plam, coconut n Idle land or wasteland n Backyard n

Land area suitable for pasture Typically less productive land will be allocated to pasture n Topography n Water & climatic conditions n Road or accessibility n Land use history n Soil fertility n Availability of labour n Market for animal & its products n

Type of pasture and fodder crops n n n n Grass for permanent grazing pasture : ruzi, para (mauritius), guinea, cori, signal, humidicola etc. Grass for cut and carry system : napier, guatemala, hybrid napier, and sorghum etc. Natural grasses : Paspulum, Axonopus, Panicum repens, Chloris, Love grass (Chrysopogon( Plant residues : rice straw, corn stubble, sugar cane, pine apple, legume wines etc. Legumes : leuacaena, verano stylo, centro, desmodium Field crops : cassava, corn, sorghum, soybean Molasses and other industrial by-products

Pasture establishment n planting materials - vegetative propagation : cutting, tillering • nursery plot 1 : 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5 months - seed propagation • good seed quality in hand n land soil preparation - season

Land preparation whole project area n considered paddock and type of enterprise n road and accessibility n waterway and drinking water n shelter n right season n good soil preparation prevent soil erosion n

Seed sowing n seed quality - %germination %purity %pure live seed (PLS( %moisture seedling vigor hardseediness seed rate n sowing methods n Rhizobium inoculation n

Sowing and planting n right season - moisture - less weed competition uniform distribution of seed n fertilizer requirement (basal fertilizer( n

Botanical composition n Grass - sown grass - native or natural grass Weeds (broadleaf or narrow leaf( n Legumes n - sown legume - native or natural legume n live (green) vs dead materials of plant parts (leaf, stem, flower head ect(.

n How to determine botanical composition? - weight, frequency, cover, dominant index n Why legumes? - good quality feed improve soil fertility % 40 - 10 legumes + 90 - 60 % grasses

Efficiency of pasture management q amount of pasture grown / unit input eg. land, money, water, fertilizer ect. q amount of pasture eaten / unit of pasture grown q amount of animal product / unit of eaten pasture q 1 X 2 X 3 = animal production from pasture