Management Information Systems By Effy Oz Andy Jones
Management Information Systems By Effy Oz & Andy Jones Chapter 5: Business Networks and Telecommunications www. cengage. co. uk/oz Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Objectives • Describe business and home applications of digital telecommunications • Identify the major media and devices used in telecommunications • Explain the concept of protocols Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Objectives (continued) • Compare and contrast various networking and Internet services • List networking technologies and trends that are likely to have an impact on businesses and information management in the near future • Discuss the pros and cons of telecommuting Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Telecommunications in Business • Telecommunications: transmittal of data and information – Allows communications over large distances • Network technologies bring about several improvements to business process Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Telecommunications in Business (continued) • Advantages of telecommunications – Better business communication – Geographical distance irrelevant – Greater efficiency – Information becomes immediately available – Better distribution of data Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Telecommunications in Business (continued) • Advantages of telecommunications – Instant transactions – Flexible and mobile workforce – Alternative channels • However network security is risk Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Telecommunications in Daily Use: Mobile Phones • American term of “cellular phone” is derived from areas of service called cells • Use computerized transceiver – Transmits and receives signals • Transmit and receive calls almost anywhere • Other uses – E-mail and faxing – GPS – Digital cameras • Major advantage is mobility Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Videoconferencing • Videoconferencing: transmitted images and speech • Brings conference rooms thousands of miles apart together • Save on multiple costs – Travel – Lodging – Time Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Fax • Fax: Transmission and reception of images over telephone line • Fax machine digitizes image and transmits representative bits to other fax machine • Can be sent through Internet – Uses special software Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Wireless Payments and Warehousing • Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables quick transactions and payments • Used in gas stations and wireless toll plazas – Facilitates payments • Used in warehouses – Check availability – Locate items to be picked up and stored Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing • Peer-to-Peer file sharing: locate and download files from online computer through Internet – Lime. Wire – Ka. Zaa – Morpheus • Exchange music and video files • Raises many issues with copyright violation • Bit. Torrent: Download segments of files from multiple sources Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Web-Empowered Commerce • Increasingly fast communication allows businesses options – Research – Market – Educate – Train – Shop • Entire industries created by Web – Online exchanges and auctions Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Bandwidth and Media • Bandwidth: speed at which data are communicated • Bits per second: unit of measure for bandwidth • Baseband: carry only one transmission at a time • Broadband: carry multiple transmissions simultaneously Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Bandwidth (continued) Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Media • Several types of communications media • Tangible or intangible – Tangible • Twisted pair cable • Coaxial cable • Optical fibre – Intangible media • Microwave radio technologies Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Media (continued) • Twisted pair cable: pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together – Twisting reduces electromagnetic interference – Low cost – Used in networking devices • Coaxial cable: for cable television transmission – Used for Internet • Optical fibre: uses light to represent bits – Not susceptible to interference Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Media (continued) • Microwaves: high-frequency radio waves that can carry signals over long distances • Used in radio-frequency technologies • Signals transmitted by satellite links • Geostationary satellites are farther away from the Earth • Electrical power lines: electrical power grid used for telecommunication Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Media (continued) Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Networks • Network: combination of devices (nodes) connected through communication channels • Any compatible device can transmit and receive on a network Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Types of Networks • Three basic types of networks – Local area network (LAN): established by single organisation and shared among employees – Server: single computer often used as central repository of programs and files for all computers – Peer-to-peer LAN: no central device controls communications Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Types of Networks (continued) • Wireless LANs (WLANs): easier installation and more scalable – Scalability: ease of expanding system – Wireless networks less secure • Metropolitan area network (MAN): links multiple LANs within large city • Wide area network (WAN): far-reaching system of networks composed of LANs or MANs Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Types of Networks (continued) • Value-added networks (VANs): networks with enhanced services – Reliability – Management – Maintenance • Internet service providers (ISPs): preferred method of conducting commerce Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
PANs • Personal area network (PAN): wireless network designed for handheld and portable devices – Used by one or two people – Transmission speed slower – Maximum distance 10 metres Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Networking Hardware • Networks use variety of devices to connect computers and peripheral devices • Network interface card: connects through cable or wireless antenna to middle device • Middle device connects to LAN or WAN – Hub: central location to connect computers – Switch: controls direction of communications Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Networking Hardware (continued) • • Bridge: connects two networks Router: routes data packets to next node Repeater: amplifies or regenerates signals Modem: translates communication signals form analog to digital and vice versa • Dial-up connection: slower type of connection through modem Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Virtual Private Networks • Virtual private network (VPN): alternative to creating LAN • Does not require leasing of lines • Utilizes Internet, a public network to simulate a private network • Enables intranets and extranets Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Switching Techniques • Circuit switching: dedicated channel established for duration of transmission • Packet switching: message broken into packets • Packet: group of bits transmitted together • Frame relay: high-speed packet-switching protocol used in WANs – Variable-sized packets routed quickly Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Switching Techniques (continued) Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Protocols • Protocol: set of rules governing communication between computers • Protocol is like human language and basic understanding • Some protocols designed for WANs, LANs, and wireless communications • Most important set of protocols called TCP/IP Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
TCP/IP • TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol – Ensures packets arrive accurately – Ensures delivery of packets from node to node, respectively • • Internet backbone: highest speed channels Host: computer connect directly to backbone IP number: unique identification for device DNS: Domain Name Service maintains characterbased names of IP numbers Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
TCP/IP (continued) • Static IP number: permanent number assigned to device • Dynamic IP number: temporary IP number assigned for duration of connection Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Ethernet • Ethernet: LAN protocol using coaxial cable • Gigabit Ethernet: faster Ethernet connections • Devices on network contend with other devices for transmission time • CSMA/CD protocol ensures no collisions in transmission Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Wireless Protocols • IEEE 802. 11: known as Wi-Fi – Supports wireless communication within 100 metres of router – Max speed 11 Mbps • Access point (hotspot): allows Internet access within range of equipment • Encryption: ability to scramble and code messages – Use keys shared between sender and receiver • Bluetooth: allows devices to communicate within 10 metres Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Wireless Protocols (continued) • Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX): increases range and speed of wireless communication – Works with metropolitan area networks • Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA): similar to cell phone communications – Compatible with IP services – Compatible with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Wireless Protocols (continued) Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Generations in Mobile Communications • Networking professionals refer to generations of mobile communication technologies • First generation analog • Second generation used digital voice encoding • Third generation stepped up speeds • Fourth Generation digital – Packet switching – Higher security Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Internet Networking Services • Variety of options to choose from when subscribing to network services • Downstream: speed of receiving from network • Upstream: speed of transmitting to network Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Cable • Internet links provided by television cable firms • Cable connected to Internet server • At residence, cable split into TV set and computer • Cable shared by all subscribers Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • Digital subscriber line (DSL): data remains digital through entire transmission • Uses telephone lines connected to DSL bridge • Several types of DSL – Asymmetric allows different upstream and downstream rates • Transmission rates closely related to distance from telephone company Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Satellite • Satellite services use microwaves • Service provider installs dish antenna, used as communications satellite • Speeds up to 45 Mbps • GPS free satellite service Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Fixed Wireless • Fixed wireless: point-to-point transmission between two stationary devices • Wireless Internet service provider (WISP) – Provides fixed wireless service • Highly modular and scalable Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Optical Carrier • Optical carrier – Expensive – High connection speeds • Uses basic unit of 51. 84 Mbps • Used by – ISPs – Search engines – Content-rich Web sites Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) • Broadband over Power Lines (BPL): uses electric power lines to carry digital signals • Used by utility companies – Monitor power consumption – Detect power failure – Track power outages Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
The Future of Networking Technologies: Broadband Telephoning • Voice over Internet Protocol: uses Internet connection to conduct telephone conversations • Free of charge • Different quality of sound from traditional telephone services • Does not allow calls to emergency numbers such as 999 Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Radio Frequency Identification • RFID tags tiny and need little power • Objects are embedded with tags that contain radio transceiver • Tags encoded with electronic product code • Readers decode data stored in tag’s memory and data passed to host computer Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Future Uses of RFID Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Converging Technologies • • Convergence occurs in networking technology Cell phones can act as Web phones Television sets connect to Internet Wireless technologies combined in same device enhance functionality Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Summary • Telecommunications is communication over distance • Telecommunications technology has changed the business environment • Different media have different bandwidths • Networks are classified according to reach and complexity • Network can be turned into a virtual private network (VPN) Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Summary (continued) • Two ways to switch a communication line: packet switching and circuit switching • Network protocols are sets of rules to which all devices on network must adhere • The Internet adheres to the TCP/IP protocol • Wireless technologies make it easy and affordable to create wireless LANs • organisations and individuals have variety of choices when subscribing to networking services Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
Summary (continued) • As Internet links become faster, Internet telephoning is gaining in popularity • Wireless technologies support the increasingly popular RFID technologies • Much like hardware, telecommunications technologies are merging • Increasing numbers of employees now telecommute Use with Management Information Systems 1 e By Effy Oz & Andy Jones ISBN 9781844807581 © 2008 Cengage Learning
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