Man and Medicine Dr Pracheth R Assistant ProfessorCommunity

Man and Medicine Dr. Pracheth R. Assistant Professor-Community Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College 1

Outline • Introduction and definitions • Indian Medicine • Sanitary awakening • Rise of Public Health • Germ theory of disease • Contribution of personalities • Deprofessionalization of medicine 2

Community Medicine • Specialty: populations • Preventive, promotive and curative services through community participations • Doctors who try to measure needs of sick and healthy • Plan and administer services: meet needs 3

Hygiene • Hygeia : Goddess of Health • Woman holding bowl, serpent drinking • Serpent: healing 4

Rod of Asclepius 5

Public Health • Prevent disease, prolong life, promote health • Organized community efforts • Infection control • Sanitation • Health education 6

Preventive Medicine • Applied: healthy people • Large populations • Prevention of disease • Health promotion • Vaccines, drugs, insecticides • Screening 7

Social Medicine • Study of man in his social environment • Social factors influencing health and disease • Jules Guerin: social factors 8

Indian Medicine • Ayurveda, Siddha • Vedic times: 5000 BC • Atreya: first great physician • Charaka Samhita: 500 drugs • Susrutha: father of Indian Surgery • British learnt rhinoplasty 9

Continued…… • Tridosha: Vata (wind), Pitta (gall), Kapha (mucus) • Hygiene importance: Laws of Manu-codes of personal hygiene • Unani-Tibb: 10 th century AD • Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann üSmall amount drugs –healthy persons: symptoms similar to disease 10

AYUSH • Department created : 1995 • Received name: 2003 • Ministry formed: 2014 11

Sanitary awakening • Mid-nineteenth century: England • Industrial revolution: 18 th Century • Great Cholera Epidemic: 1832 • Edwin Chadwick investigated • Sanitary conditions of labouring population in Great Britain • Improve housing, working conditions • Anti-filth crusade • Public Health Act: 1848: State-health 12

Sir Edwin Chadwick 13

Rise of Public Health • Public Health Act 1848 • Cholera: father of public health • John Snow: studied cholera • William Budd: typhoid: drinking water • Thames: sewage • Public Health Act, 1875: control environment 14

Continued… • Early phase (1880 -1920): disease control phase • Cleanliness, waste disposal • By early 20 th century: foundation of public health 15

Germ theory • Supernatural theory • Louis Pasteur: bacteria in air • Robert Koch: anthrax-bacteria • Microbes were discovered • Superstition-scientific knowledge 16

Edward Jenner(1749 -1823) 17

Continued…. • Milkmaids: cow-pox milder form of small pox • Milkmaid: blisters hand-pus • Deliberate injection: boy • Injected smallpox • Ill then recovered • Ridicule, criticism • Finally acceptance • 1980: erradicated 18

John Snow (1813 - 1858) 19

Continued…. • British Physician • Cholera was airborne: did not accept • Cesspit in homes: collected sewage-Thames • Spot map • Broad Street: water pump • Handle removed: cholera decreased • Companies: contaminated water Thames-supply to homes • Chloroform: Queen Victoria -delivery 20

Spot map 21

James Lind (1716 - 1794) 22

Continued…. • Scottish physician • Expert: scurvy treatment • 12 men from ship: scurvy • Six pairs: different additions to diet • Cider, seawater, mixture of garlic, mustard , horseradish, spoonfuls of vinegar and the last two oranges and lemons. • Recovery: citrus fruits 23

Sir Louis Pasteur (1822 -1895) 24

Continued…. • French Microbiologist • Fermentation is caused by the growth of microorganisms • Prevented the process: pasteurization • Rabies vaccine along with colleague • Anthrax vaccine 25

Robert Koch (1843 - 1910) 26

Continued…. • Investigate cholera outbreak: Egypt • Suspected comma-shaped bacteria • Discovered cholera organism, spread • Plague epidemic in Calcutta: rats-vectors • Discoveries related to TB: Nobel Prize 27

Koch’s postulates • Microorganism : abundance-all organismsdisease, absent-healthy • Isolated-diseased organism, grown : culture • Cultured organism: disease-healthy • Re-isolated from experimental host, identical to original host 28

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Sir Ronald Ross (1857 -1932) • Born and served: India • Ooty: malaria • Transferred Secunderabad: presence of malarial parasite within Anopheles mosquito • Demonstrated life cycle of malaria • Nobel Prize • Advocated prevention of malaria 30

Deprofessionalization of medicine • Laymen: important role-health care delivery • New cadre of health workers • Anganwadi workers • ASHAs • Little training, support-try to provide health care • Health team • Not only diagnosis, treatment • Educate, counsel, prevent disease 31

Summary 32

Questions 1. List the Indian Systems of Medicine 2. Define social medicine 3. Deprofessionalization of medicine 4. a. b. c. d. Contributions of : Louis Pasteur James Lind Edward Jenner John Snow 33

THANKS A LOT 34