MALAYSIA FLOODS Walter Hays Global Alliance for Disaster
MALAYSIA: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
MALAYSIA: KUALA LUMPUR IS THE FEDERAL CAPITAL
MALAYSIA • • • Population: 23, 522, 482 Area: 329, 750 km 2 Coastline: 4675 km GDP: $207. 8 billion GDP Per Capita: $9, 000
WESTERN MALAYSIA, WHERE KUALA LAMPUR IS LOCATED, IS AT GREATER RISK FROM NATURAL HAZARDS THAN EASTERN MALAYSIA
KUALA LUMPUR
KUALA LUMPUR AND PUTRAJAVA • Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial, and economic center of Malaysia, and also the seat of Malaysia’s Parliament and the official residence of the King. • Putrajava is the location of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, which were relocated from Kuala Lumpur in 1999.
KUALA LUMPUR • The city covers an area of 243 km 2 (94 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1. 6 million in 2010. • Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, was an urban agglomeration of 6. 9 million in 2010 and one of the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Malaysia.
Floods and landslides from cyclones are the primary hazards affecting Malaysia. Effects from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are usually from distant sources. Droughts also occur.
MALAYSIA’S PRIMARY NATURAL HAZARDS • CYCLONES • FLOODS (especially during cyclone season) • LANDSLIDES (TRIGGERED BY TOO MUCH RAIN OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING )
CAUSES OF RISK WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS CYCLONES GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES STORM SURGE HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN A SHORT TIME FLASH FLOODING (MUDFLOWS) LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
CAUSES OF RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOOD DISASTER LABORATORIES STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF DAMAGE SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES LANDSLIDES GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO LATERAL SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN 2014
MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN 2014
MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN 2014
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA A Paradigm Shift From Disaster Proneness Will Improve the Quality of Life in Malaysia
CONTINUATION OF THE STATUS QUO WHEN MALAYSIA IS AT RISK AND DISASTER PRONE - - - Will result in new and more complex HEALTH PROBLEMS WILL result in unnecessary DEATHS AND INJURIES WILL result in longer and more costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
TOWARDS FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK REDUCTION Officials: We have to stop flood disasters from happening again
GOAL: MINIMIZE THE “DOMINO EFECTS” OF THE NEXT DISASTER
ELEMENTS OF RISK PHYSICAL EXPOSURE EFFECTS RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF FLOODS INUNDATION, HIGH-VELOCITY FLOW, HIGH-VOLUME DISCHARGE, EROSION, AND SCOUR
AN ASSESSMENT INTEGRATES PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND SOCIETAL IMPACTS TO DETERMINE RISK DAMAGE FROM INUNCATION EROSION, SCOUR, AND LANDSLIDES RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS
TYPICAL IMPACTS OF FLOODS DAMAGE TO CONTENTS, LOSS OF FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE, RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TRANSPORTATION OF DEBRIS, AUTOS, AND HOUSES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEAD ZONES, AND DISEASE VECTORS
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR FLOODS
Vulnerability: A Vital Part of Risk Assessment EVENT VULNERABILITY FLOOD EXPECTED HAZARDS LOSS EXPOSURE PEOPLE STRUCTURES PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
WHAT INCREASES VULNERABILITY MANKIND’S ACTIONS AND NATURAL EVENTS CAN CHANGE THE VULNERABILITY OF ELEMENTS AT RISK TO FLOODS
An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of a community’s actions or nature’s actions that change some part of the regional water cycle (e. g. , precipitation, storage, runoff, transpiration, evaporation).
MANKIND’S CONTRIBUTION An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of flaws that enter during the planning, siting, design, and construction of a community’s buildings and infrastructure.
ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE KEY PARTS OF THE WATER CYCLE • Urban development or industrial development in areas that were formerly wetlands. • Locating buildings and infrastructure in a river floodplain.
MANKIND’S ACTIONS THAT CHANGE SOME PART OF THE WATER CYCLE • Actions that increase or decrease river gradients (deforestation, dams, etc). • Actions that change the runoff pattern or rate (e. g. , the city’s concrete footprint)
NATURE’S ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE THE NORMAL WATER CYCLE • • A flash flood. Ice jams/ice dams on the river Rapid melt of snow and ice Extreme or prolonged precipitation caused by stalled low-pressure systems.
CAUSES OF RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOODS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGE FROM WATER DISASTER LABORATORIES WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
A RISK ASSESSMENT • A risk assessment involves the probabilistic integration of: • The hazard (e. g. , floods) and their potential disaster agents (inundation, erosion, etc) that are directly related to the location of the community and what happens in the regional water cycle.
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) • The location of each element of the exposure in relation to the physical demands of the hazard (i. e. , inundation, etc. )
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) • The exposure (e. g. , people, and elements of the community’s built environment), represents the potential loss when the natural hazard occurs.
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) • The vulnerability (or fragility) of each element comprising the exposure when subjected to the potential disaster agents.
FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT LEADS TO DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • COST • EXPOSURE FLOODS • EVENT EXPECTED LOSS • BENEFIT • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT POLICY ADOPTION
REQUIRED INFORMATION • Physical characteristics of the regional drainage system. • Physical characteristics of each river system and its floodplain. • Physical characteristics of the regional water cycle.
REQUIRED INFORMATION • Physical characteristics of catchment basins, reservoirs, and wetlands in the region. • Physical characteristics of dikes, levees, and dams controlling water discharge and flooding in the region.
REQUIRED INFORMATION • The hazardous materials located in the floodplain.
DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION POLICES FOR FLOODS MITIGATION, PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, FORECASTS AND WARNING, EVACUATION, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION, AND EDUCATIONAL SURGES
MITIGATION SANDBAGS, ELEVATED BUILDINGS, ETC
PREVENTION DAMS, STORM BARRIERS, LEVEES, SPILLWAYS, CATCHMENT BASINS, RESERVOIRS, WETLANDS, ETC
MALAYSIA’S SECONDARY NATURAL HAZARDS • EARTHQUAKES and VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (usually from sources outside the country; i. e. , Indonesia, not inside)
CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES” IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS DISASTER LABORATORIES VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES
A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA - - - Will result in fewer and less complex HEALTH PROBLEMS WILL result in fewer DEATHS AND INJURIES WILL result in shorter and less costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM DISASTER PRONENESS TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IS A THREE STEP PROCESS
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA • Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge • Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacity • Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to National Disaster Resilience
Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge NOTE: A book of Knowledge is everything we know or think we know about Malaysia’s risk-causing hazards
BO OK KN OF OW - P ers LE On pe DG Sc c t ien ive E s c e A An , P d. C oli ha cy , ng e
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE Are “TOOLS” to facilitate a commitment by Malaysia to minimize the likely impacts of the inevitable future cyclones, floods, landslides earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and droughts, thereby anticipating and preventing disasters
WHAT DO WE KNOW? • Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21 st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient.
Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacity in Malaysia to Minimize Likely Impacts in the Next Disaster
NOTE: Step 2 is a task for a Nation’s “Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, ” its educational institutions at all levels, and its electronic and print media that provide public information
WHAT DO WE KNOW? • Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decisionmaking for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to recover quickly after a disaster.
Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Sciencebased Decision-making for a Paradigm Shift from the status quo to Disaster Resilience in India
NOTE: Step 3 is a task for Malaysia’s “decision-makers, ” (i. e. , its political leaders, stakeholders, and leading professionals) who have a basis for deciding on the nature and scope of a national paradigm shift
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS A DISASTER: INSUFFICIENT CAPABILITIES OF COMMUNITY INCREASED DEMANDS ON COMMUNITY
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF FUTURE OCCURRENCES: DEMANDS ON COMMUNITY CAPABILITIES OF COMMUNITY
RISK ASSESSMENT • NATURAL HAZARDS MAPS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION ACCEPTABLE RISK MALAYSIA’S DATA BASES COMMUNITIES AND INFORMATION UNACCEPTABLE RISK A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MALAYSIA POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION/PREVENTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY/RECONSTRUCT.
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