Malariology Malaria Malaria means bad air Malaria is

Malariology

Malaria • • • Malaria means “bad air” Malaria is a (world problem). 5 million of people are affected every year. At least 1. 5 million deaths annually. Children less than five and pregnant women mostly affected. • A life-threatening parasitic disease.

Malaria One of the red blood cell & a vector – borne infectious disease. the Plasmodium species transmitted to humans by bite of female Anopheles mosquites female of Anopheles mosquitoes feeding on human blood /male absorb a plant juice. Malaria is an acute and chronic disease caused by an obligate intracellular parasite.

Geographical distribution Most prevalent of malaria is tropical and subtropical parts of the world.

Causative parasite • Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium. • The genus Plasmodium contains 172 species. – only four species are known to infect humans. • • Plasmodium falciparum. It can be life -threaten Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Are not life-threaten Plasmodium vivax

Transmission Female Anopheline mosquito bite Mother to child Blood transfusion

Species Infecting Humans Plasmodium falciparum – Malignant tertian M. (Cerebral Ma. Or renal failure) (48 hr. ) ª Plasmodium vivax (48 hr. ) – Benign tertian M. relapsing M. v Plasmodium ovale Common & Severe - Ovale tertian M. relapsing M. (48 hr. ) v Plasmodium malariae – Quartan M. (72 hr. ) remain for one decade , no dominant(relapsing) stage (7%) Rare & Mild

Fever Charts Plasmodium vivax Tertian Malaria Plasmodium malariae Qartan Malaria 72 hr.

Malarial Paroxysm – Days 1 and 3 for: Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ………. – Plasmodium vivax – Plasmodium ovale – and Plasmodium falciparum 48 hrs. Tertian malaria – Usually persistent fever or daily paroxyms for Plasmodium falciparum. Days 1, 4, 7, 10, ………. –Days 1 and 4 for Plasmodium malariae Quartian malaria 72 hrs.

Hypnozoites(relapsing) Hypnozoites: - Are slept liver-trophozoite stages -Responsible for recurrence of malarial symptoms. Plasmodium vivax &Plasmodium ovale HYPNOZOITES Illness May Relapse 3 To 5 Years After Original Infection

Life cycle of Plasmodium species Complex life cycle with multiple stages

The Hosts Human: _ intermediate host. _ victim. _ asexual cycle (schizogony cycle). Female Anopheles mosquitos : _ final hosts. _ vector. _ sexual cycle (sporogony cycle).

Plasmodium 1 Infected mosquito bites Sporozoites in salivary gland 10, 000 sp. 2 Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced 2000 -40, 000 Mer. (6 -16)days. human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human 9 Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 3 Sexual reproduction 8 In mosquito’s Zygote Female gametocyte Male gametocyte. gut digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote Asexual reproduction Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Intermediate host 4 Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage Definitive host 7 Another mosquito bites 6 Merozoites are released when infected humnan and ingests red blood cell ruptures; some gametocytes. skin merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes Merozoites 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites (6 -24)M.

Malaria Life Cycle Sporogony Oocyst Sporozoites Mosquito Salivary Gland Zygote Sexual final host Hypnozoites Gametocytes Red Blood cell Schizont Schizogony Asexual cycle Intermediate host Exoerythrocytic (hepatic) cycle 6 -16 days (for P. vivax and P. ovale) Erythrocytic Cycle Liver cell Schizont

Symptoms of Malaria • Shaking chills , followed by exceed the body temperature to 40%. • Muscle aches , headache, Severe anaemia , shortness of breath , hyperventilation, tachycardia , vomits , diarrhea, coughing , jaundice (yellowish of skin), splenomegaly, . • CNS dysfunction (delirium, stupor, coma). . . • Other symptoms can include: level of sugar in blood can fall in people infected with plasmodium.

Malarial Paroxysm • Cold stage • Hot stage • Sweating stage

Malaria Diagnosis • Clinical Diagnosis • Hyperendemic areas. • Fever , sweat, chills, headache & muscle pain • Malaria Blood Smear • Serology (ELISA)(IFAT). • Polymerase Chain Reaction B. F. F. M. =Blood Film For Malaria Blood Smear Prepare smears as soon as possible after collecting venous blood to avoid any Changes in parasite morphology. the “gold standard” for diagnosis of malaria. .

Erythrocytic Stages: Blue Cytoplasm Ring stage Red Chromatin Trophozoite stage Brown Pigment Schizont stage Gametocyte stage

Plasmodium falciparum Infected erythrocytes: ***normal size (Maurer’s dots) 4 2 1 Gametocytes: mature (2)and 1 immature (1) forms (1 is rarely seen in peripheral blood) Rings: double chromatin dots multiple infections in same red cell 3 2 Trophozoites: compact *(rarely seen in peripheral blood) Schizonts: 8 -24 merozoites *(rarely seen in peripheral blood)

Plasmodium vivax Infected erythrocytes: enlarged up to 2 X **deformed; (Schüffner’s dots) 1 2 Rings one chromatin dots Schizonts: 12 -24 merozoites 3 Trophozoites: ameboid; deforms the erythrocyte 4 Gametocytes: round

Plasmodium ovale Infected erythrocytes: enlarged (1 1/4 X); **fimbriated; oval; (Schüffner’s dots) 1 2 Trophozoites: compact Rings 3 Gametocytes: round-oval Schizonts: 6 -14 merozoites; dark pigment; (“rosettes”) 4

Plasmodium malariae Infected erythrocytes: **normal size 1 2 Ring: compact Trophozoite: typical band form 3 4 Schizont: Gametocyte: 6 -12 merozoites; coarse, dark pigment round; coarse, dark pigment

Prevention • Using insecticide to kill a larval stage of mesquite. • Recovering all ponds and water source with oil. • Using a mesquite net. • Using prophylaxis when travel to area with malaria are endemic. • Breeding a special type of fish which feeding on larval stage of Anopheles.

Please control malaria …

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