Making the south pacific white Why convicts Why

Making the south pacific white Why convicts? Why transportation? Why Australia?

Once you begin to chart the world, it only makes sense

18 C Geopolitics ‘the Defeat of the French Fireships attacking the British fleet at Quebec, 1759’ Serres (Library and Archives Canada, C- 4291) • necessitates: 006) expenditures Sergeant James Thompson (Fraser’s Highlanders) claymore carried into battle on the plains of Abraham (CWM 19720103 - administrative and legislative power

Looking further: geopolitical posturing commerce scientific query “. . . farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go. ” James Cook (1728 -79)

First Voyage (176871) - as Lieutenant Cook the Admiralty and the Royal Society sponsored jointly • a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti • search for the believed to be ‘great southern continent’, Terra Australis Incognita (looked for since the 16 C) • on a converted Whitby collier, the Endeavour

Second Voyage (1772 -75) - as Commander Cook on the Resolution scientists and artists and chronometers practical solution to the problem of determining longitude at sea closer to the South Pole than any previous navigator, touched on Tahiti and New Zealand Easter Island the Marquesas Islands Tonga New Hebrides

Third Voyage (1776 -80) Fellow of the Royal Society and Copley Prize North Pacific navigable NW passage? charted NW coast ‘discovered’ Hawaiian Islands killed on his return, at Kealakekua Bay 14 February 1779 perhaps regarded the god Lono and broke tradition perhaps due to his nasty temper argument on beach and stabbed

Consequences • study ‘natives’ → uneasy relationships and misunderstanding broke local customs bought venereal disease, alcohol and guns • new standards → extent and accuracy of his surveys natural history astronomy oceanography philology and much else new disciplines of ethnology/anthropology • protected crew → cleanliness and ventilation

Settler identities in Australia Gendering transportation 2. Criminalizing poverty 3. Race and nation 1.

Transportation 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Many more men than women Property crimes >> personal injury Political prisoners All trades represented [including architects] necessary to build a colony Terrible corporal punishment

Add pictur here But eventually, land grant ‘man’ in society

Convict women “the pest and gangrene of colonial society” • Convicted for: • their transportation/ work experience: • Described as: • Disciplined by: ‘Rajah’ Quilt National Gallery of Australia

And resisted: Parramatta Female Factory • • literate, 180 trade skills 60% - 1 st offence • • • 1200 women in factory built for 300 stone-breaking, spinning, needlework and laundry gagging; head-shaving • 1827 – • remembered Australia’s first Industrial Action food riot

Role of women • work • at home ‘she carried out her duties as mistress of a small family with ‘piety, patience, frugality and industry’’ • either m. c. women were that, or w. c. women worked at jobs that used those skills

‘by the 1740 s over half the laboring pop. had shifted to some form of manufacturing…’ ‘use of steam only relative to manual labor’ steam not the prime energy source for manufacturing until the 1870 s Bryant and May Match Factory workers, 1888

‘Making’ the perfect worker

The Poor Laws control, reform and utility of person Witham parish workhouse (2002), 1714 workhouse Birmingham (1860 s)‘archway of tears’

Charles Booth In Darkest England the Way Out (1890) East London Estimate PAUPERS Inmates of Workhouses, Asylums, and Hospitals 17, 000 HOMELESS Loafers, Casuals, and some Criminals 33, 000 STARVING Casual earnings between 18 s pw and chronic want 34, 000 11, 000 100, 000 THE VERY POOR Intermittent earnings 18 s. to 21 s. pw 222, 000 Small regular earnings 18 s. to 21 s. pw 000 Rest of London Total 51, 000 22, 000 200, 000 300, 000 74, 000 148, 000 129 000 258 000 387

Booth’s Poverty Map street-by-street maps drawn to represent levels of poverty and wealth found by survey investigators YELLOW: upper-middle and upper classes. wealthy. RED: middle class; well-to-do PINK: fairly comfortable. good ordinary earnings BLUE: poor. 18 s. to 21 s. pw for a moderate family BLACK: very poor vicious, semi criminal

Bamstead Cottage Homes

A Nova Scotia Connection Quarriers Village Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland

And other ‘waifs and strays’? Rockwood Mill, est. 1867

The ‘real’ Australia wasn’t empty Kate Grenville The Secret River (2005) 400+ indigine groups 250 languages evidence to 40 000 BCE + 1/3 to 9/10 deaths Residential School

Aborigines less than human Why? enlightenment thinking (theory) experiential observation Early: kidnapping for observation, sex, work raids disease and malnutrition 1850 s: Aboriginal Protection Societies Responsible Governance way of life destroyed: economic, cultural

Māori and tā moko Sir Apirana Turupa Ngata See: Once Were Warriors (1994) Whale Rider (2002)

Nā te pū ka toa tētahi, ka taureka tētahi. The musket determined who was warrior and who was slave. The Treaty of Waitangi (1842) kawanatanga vs. tino rangatiratanga Maori Wars/ New Zealand Wars (1845 -82) pa pākehā

ANZAC Day, April 2007

Subsequent imperial policy in the southern hemisphere From 19 C territory for production, trade and control Ceylon Straits Settlement (Penang and then Singapore) Cape Colony Falklands jumping off point: Gibraltar Multicultural indentured labour moved throughout as necessary colour bar not necessarily citizens, as necessary

The ‘Scramble’ for Africa

Imperialism in Africa 1875 to 1914: the Scramble 1807 1820 -23 1830 s trade Abolition of slave trade Egyptians push into Sudan French in Algeria; w. African Boer push north 1850 s/60 s European explorations British occupy Lagos (commercial) 1865 Leopold II succession 1869 Suez Canal opened 1874 British involved on East Coast 1884 Egyptian financial crisis