Making Strong Arguments Adapting to your Audience Adapting

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Making Strong Arguments Adapting to your Audience

Making Strong Arguments Adapting to your Audience

Adapting to the Audience Ø Listeners are not passive in persuasive process l l

Adapting to the Audience Ø Listeners are not passive in persuasive process l l l Ø Mental give-and-take Assessing credibility, delivery, support, reasoning Positive at one point; negative at another Speaker should anticipate objections l l Put self in audience’s place to identify issues Build in counter-arguments

Identifying Target Audience Ø Review audience analysis – For example: l Would you donate

Identifying Target Audience Ø Review audience analysis – For example: l Would you donate your organs after death? • • • l Of the 15, reasons for not donating • • • l 3 – strongly oppose no matter what 15 – neutral or only slightly opinionated 4 – already have signed donor cards 7 – fear of being pronounced dead prematurely 5 – fear of being disfigured 3 – religious reasons Additionally, 8 of the 15 didn’t understand need for donors.

Using Audience Analysis: Persuading a Receptive Audience Establish common ground (in introduction) Ø Clearly

Using Audience Analysis: Persuading a Receptive Audience Establish common ground (in introduction) Ø Clearly state speaking objective Ø Tell audience what you want them to do Ø Ask for an immediate show of support Ø Use emotional appeals effectively to motivate and intensify their support (basic values and needs appeals) Ø Create a sense of personal involvement Ø Make it easy for audience to act Ø Prepare audience to carry message to others Ø

Persuading a Neutral Audience Capture audience’s attention early in speech and use plenty of

Persuading a Neutral Audience Capture audience’s attention early in speech and use plenty of attention factors throughout speech Ø Refer to beliefs that many listeners share (common values, concerns) Ø Relate your topic to listeners, their families, friends, loved ones Ø Be realistic about what you can accomplish Ø Blend logic and emotion, but use emotional appeals sparingly Ø

Persuading an Unreceptive or Hostile Audience Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Don’t immediately announce

Persuading an Unreceptive or Hostile Audience Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Don’t immediately announce your intentions Stress common ground & agreement areas Establish your credibility Create a context of increasing understanding Acknowledge opposing points of view and then refute them with respect Use strong evidence and reasoning – virtually not emotional appeals Don’t overstate your points If their position rests on a principle, present a counter principle. Don’t expect a major shift in attitude

Don’t Aim for Conversion Ø Chip away at edges Ø Identify inconsistencies in their

Don’t Aim for Conversion Ø Chip away at edges Ø Identify inconsistencies in their position Ø Employ consciousness raising tactics – i. e. the higher ground Ø Seek incremental change Ø Use reluctant testimony

Effective Arguments Writing Persuasive PrincipleBased Arguments Effective ArgumentsEffective Arguments Writing Persuasive PrincipleBased Arguments Effective Arguments
Design Arguments Arguments for theism Ontological arguments CosmologicalDesign Arguments Arguments for theism Ontological arguments Cosmological
Command Line Arguments Command Line Arguments Arguments providedCommand Line Arguments Command Line Arguments Arguments provided
Inductive Arguments Arguments n Two kinds of argumentsInductive Arguments Arguments n Two kinds of arguments
Audience Analysis Audience Centeredness Keep the audience firstAudience Analysis Audience Centeredness Keep the audience first
Audience What is a audience An audience isAudience What is a audience An audience is