Make Your FLASH CARDS Flash Cards APUSH KEY

Make Your FLASH CARDS

Flash Cards APUSH KEY TERMS

El Dorado AP History Aztecs 2014 100 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 200 300 400 500 We will play Jeopardy In this UNIT

Refers to the exchange of plants and animals btwn the New World & Europe following the discovery of America in 1492. New World crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the European diet. At the same time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the world. In addition, diseases were exchanged and almost decimated the Indian (Native American) population.

Refers to the exchange of plants and animals btwn the New World & Europe following the discovery of America in 1492. New World crops such as corn, tomatoes, and potatoes had a dramatic effect on the European diet. At the same time, Old World domesticated animals such as horses, cows, and pigs had a dramatic effect on life in the world. In addition, diseases were exchanged and almost decimated the Indian (Native American) population.

Was the economic philosophy of Great Britain in the 17 th & 18 th centuries. Like other mercantile powers, Great Britain sought to increase its wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade with its colonies. Basically, in reference to the 13 colonies, they were to provide all the raw materials & resources for the benefit of the Mother Country – England (Great Britain).

A. Reasons for widespread unemployment B. Effects of increased European immigration C. Causes of government regulation of business D. Reasons for the development of international trade

The Puritans established the Half-Way Covenant to ease requirements for church membership. The Half-Way Covenant allowed the baptism of the children of baptized but unconverted Puritans. Basically, increase church membership = more money pours into the church. Remember- a church is a business and needs money to operate.

Was an 18 th century philosophy stressing that reason could be used to improve the human condition. Enlightenment thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson stressed the idea of NATURAL RIGHTS. This can clearly be seen in the 2 nd paragraph of the D of I. “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal’ that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights’ that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. ”

Is the belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature. DEISTS such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin believed that Natural Laws could be discovered by the use of Human Reason - your brain and knowledge.

Refers to a wave of religious revivals that spread across the American colonies during the 1730’s and 1740’s.

Refers to the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people. Republicanism inspired the American revolutionaries of the 18 th century.

Refers to the division of power among the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of our government. ALEXANDER HAMILTON defended the principle of separation of powers when he wrote,

Refers to a system in which each branch of government can check the power of the other branches. For example, the President can VETO (say no), to a BILL passed by Congress and Congress can OVERRIDE the President’s veto. Another example, the PRESIDENT nominates Judges to the Supreme Court, but the Congress must approve/disapprove their appointment.

The Supreme Court can strike down an act of Congress by declaring it UNCONSTITUTIONAL. This principle was established in the court case of MARBURY v. MADISON. Basically, the Supreme Court is the final authority in law ---- for any type of case.

Is a term referring to the development of a national transportation system. Refers to a set of proposals designed to unify the nation & strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs (taxes), a national bank & internal improvements such as canals & new roads. HENRY CLAY was the chief proponent of the American System.

This idea refers to the idealization of women in their roles as WIVES and MOTHERS. The concept of “republican mother” suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic.

Was a philosophical and literary movement of the 1800’s that emphasized living a simple life & celebrating the truth found in nature & in personal emotion & imagination. RALPH WALDO EMERSON & HENRY DAVID THOREAU were the foremost transcendentalist writers.

Was the belief that humans can use conscious acts of good will to create communities based upon cooperation and mutual respect. UTOPIAN communities such as Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida reflected the blossoming of perfectionist aspirations.

Refers to a wave of religious enthusiasm that spread across America btwn 1800 & 1830. Middle-class women played an especially important role in the Second Great Awakening by making Americans aware of the moral issues posed by SLAVERY.

Refers to a set of political beliefs associated with Andrew Jackson & his followers. Jacksonian Democracy included respect for the COMMON SENSE & ABILITIES of the COMMON MAN, expansion of White male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions (spoils system/patronage) and opposition to privileged Eastern elites (the rich).

Is a legal theory that a state in the USA has the right to nullify (invalidate/say NO) to any Federal Law that the state deems to be unconstitutional. John C. Calhoun was the foremost proponent of this doctrine. Inspired by his leadership, a convention in South Carolina declared the tariffs (taxes) of both 1828 & 1832 unenforceable in that state.

Refers to the 19 th century belief that the USA would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean. It was their God-Given Right to own and control the North American Continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Is the principle that the settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the new territories. The first great test of popular sovereignty occurred in Kansas.

These were post-Civil War (post = after), laws and customs designed to DISCRIMINATE against African Americans. Used to counter – act the 13 th, 14 th & 15 th Amendments to the U. S. Constitution.

Refers to a 19 th century reform movement based on the belief that Christian have a responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. Led by Christian ministers, advocates of the Social Gospel argued that real social change would result from dedication to both RELIGIOUS PRACTICE and SOCIAL REFORM.

This was the belief that the RICH were the guardians of society’s wealth and, as such, had a DUTY to serve society in HUMANE ways. ANDREW CARNEGIE was the foremost advocate of the Gospel of Wealth.

This term refers to the belief that there is a NATURAL EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS by which the FITTEST will SURVIVE. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success.

John D. Rockefeller used Social Darwinism to justify his success, “The growth of a large business corporation is merely survival of the fittest…. . the American Beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which brings cheer to the beholder only be sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of the law of nature and a law of God. ”

This term refers to the argument by historian FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic. Turner especially emphasized the importance of cheap, unsettled land the absence of a landed aristocracy (rich people owning all the new land). Here is an illustrative quote: “From the beginning of the settlement of America, the frontier regions have exercised a steady influence toward democracy…. . American democracy is fundamentally the outcome of the experience of the American people in dealing with the West…. ”

Refers to the massive wave of immigrants who came to AMERICA btwn 1880 and 1924. The OLD Immigrants primarily from England, Germany, and Scandinavia. The NEW Immigrants came primarily from small farms and villages in Southern and Eastern Europe.

Nativists favored the interest of NATIVE-Born people over the interest of immigrants. The Know-Nothings were the first nativist political party in America. Nativist’s directed their hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants.

These were early 20 th century (1900’s) journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustice, and corrupt urban political bosses. Leading muckrakers included Upton Sinclair = The Jungle- slaughter houses Jacob Riis = photographer- urban plight in America became the first woman to take on Standard Oil Her direct Ida Tarbell = She forerunner was Henry Demarest Lloyd. She began her work on The Standard after her editors at Mc. Clure's Magazine called for a story on one of the trusts.

The Muckrakers was the name given by Theodore Roosevelt to a group of crusading journalist who helped shed light on the issues happening in society. President Roosevelt stated that at times it is necessary to clean up society by using the “Muck-Rake”(meaning the journalist). The Muckrakers would investigate and publish stories of corruption in popular magazines of the day such as Mc. Clure’s, Collier’s, and Munsey’s. The Muckrakers focused on many issues such as government, monopolies, living conditions, and government regulations on food and medicine. The Muckrakers played a crucial first step in bringing the issues of this era into the eyes of the public.

This was a system of scientific management developed by FREDERICK W. TAYLOR. Taylorism sought to develop a disciplined labor force by eliminating motion. wasted

Occurs when a company controls both the production and distribution of its product. For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U. S. steel industry.

VERTICAL INTEGRATION Carnegie Steel Refinery Rail Lines Raw Materials Limestone Quarries Iron Ore Fields Coal Mines

Occurs when a company controls both the production and distribution of its product. For example, Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U. S. steel industry.

CARNEGIE’S VERTICAL INTEGRATION • Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible • How? Vertical integration; he bought out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and rail lines) in order to control materials and transportation & PRICE

Occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product.

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Standard Oil Refinery

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION • Additionally, Carnegie bought up the competition through friendly and hostile takeovers • This is known as Horizontal Integration; buying companies that produce similar products – in this case other steel companies Social Darwinism MERGERS

? ? ? ? Standard Oil Of Ohio Chevron Amoco Exxon Mobil

These were slums or shantytowns inhabited by unemployed and homeless people during the Great Depression. The homeless named these slums after the President – Herbert Hoover who they blamed for the Great Depression.

This is an economic philosophy stating that economic activities should be largely FREE of governmental interference, regulations, and restraint. It is interesting to note that LAISSEZ-FAIRE economics was supported by leaders who, ironically, also supported protective tariffs.

Was a USA foreign policy calling for Americans to avoid entangling political alliances abroad. During the 1930’s isolationists drew support from ideas expressed in George WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS (he preached isolationism after the Revolutionary War so America could build and grow). The NEUTRALITY ACTS of the 1930’s were expressions of a commitment to isolationism.

Was the name for a USA Cold War Foreign policy designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet (USSR) influence around the world. George F. Kennan was an American diplomat and specialist on the Soviet Union who wrote an influential article advocating that the USA focus its foreign policy on containing the spread of Soviet influence (communism).

This term refers to the making of public accusations of disloyalty to the USA without sufficient evidence. Senator Mc. Carthy played on the fears of Americans by claiming that Communists had infiltrated the U. S. State Department and other federal agencies. Mc. Carthy’s accusations helped create a climate of paranoia, as Americans became preoccupied with the perceived threat posed by alleged Communists subversives working in the USA.

This theory refers to the belief that if one country falls to Communism, its neighbors will also be infected and fall to Communism. For example, the fall of south Vietnam would lead to the loss of Southeast Asia.

“If Indo-China were to fall and if its fall led to the loss of Southeast Asia, then the United States might eventually be forced back to Hawaii, as it was before the Second World War. ”

This was a military doctrine associated with President Eisenhower’s secretary of state, John Foster Dulles. In the event of an attack by the Soviet Union (USSR) or any other hostile power, the USA would retaliate with massive force, including nuclear weapons. The threat of massive retaliation was designed to deter an enemy from launching an initial attack.

Massive Retaliation • On January 12, 1955 U. S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation. • It threatens fullscale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression anywhere in the world. John Foster Dulles and Mac. Arthur in Korea, 1950

CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS… WHO IS SWEATING?

The Black Power movement of the 1960’s advocated that African Americans establish control of their political and economic life. Key advocates of Black Power included Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael Huey Newton

HAWKS supported USA involvement in the Vietnam WAR and believed America should increase military force to win the War. DOVES opposed the Vietnam WAR and believed the USA should withdraw its forces from Vietnam.

The term refers to the relaxation of tensions btwn the USA and the USSR; it was introduced by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger & President Richard Nixon. Examples of détente include the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), expanded trade with the Soviet Union (USSR), and Presidents Nixon’s trip to China and Russia.

Refers to the economic policies of President Reagan; it is SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS. Ronald also called President Reagan hoped to promote growth and investment by deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for upper-and middle income Americans.

Which of the following best completes the chart? WW 1 ended Fear of Foreigners Followed the Bolshevik Revolution A) B) C) D) The “xenophobic” repression Mc. Carthyism The first Red Scare The Second Red Scare Fear of Communism

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