Major Energy Resources Non Renewable Resources Fossil Fuels

• Major Energy Resources • Non Renewable Resources Fossil Fuels – Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, Biofuels, Biogas, wood • Renewable Resource • Nuclear • Solar • Hydropower • Wind Power • Tidal and Ocean Thermal • Geothermal

Observations of Climate Change – Global Warming Temperature, Evaporation & rainfall are increasing; More of the rainfall is occurring in downpours Corals are bleaching Glaciers are retreating Sea ice is shrinking Sea level is rising Wildfires are increasing Hurricane, storm and flood damages are much larger

Fission of 1 kilogram of uranium releases more energy than does burning 3 million kg of coal. Nuclear Power

Geothermal Features associated with groundwater • Hot springs • Water is 6 -9 o. C warmer than the mean annual air temperature of the locality • The water for most hot springs is heated by cooling of igneous rock

Features associated with groundwater • Geysers • Intermittent hot springs • Water erupts with great force • Occur where extensive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rock • Groundwater heats, expands, changes to steam, and erupts

Evolution of a geyser eruption

Yellowstone Geyser erupting – geothermal energy for a ‘Supervolcano’

Geothermal Energy is energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid earth Geothermal Energy can be spectacular! Photos of US Geological Survey Geysers and volcanoes show the earth’s heat

What is geothermal energy? Geothermal energy is heat from Earth’s interior. Geothermal heat originates from Earth's fiery formation more than four billion years ago. At Earth's core— 7900 km (4, 000) miles deep - temperatures may reach over 6000 degrees Centigrade, 9, 000 degrees Fahrenheit

• Direct Sources function by sending water down a well to be heated by the Earth’s warmth. • Then a heat pump is used to take the heat from the underground water to the substance that heats the house. • Then after the water it is cooled is injected back into the Earth. • Ground Heat Collectors This system uses horizontal loops filled with circulating water at a depth of 80 to 160 cm underground.

Borehole Heat Exchange This type uses one or two underground vertical loops that extend 150 meters below the surface

‘Ring of Fire’ Hawaii Pacific Ocean High-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy world-wide Graph from Geothermal Education Office, California

Sources of Earth’s Internal Energy • About 70% comes from the decay of radioactive nuclei with long half lives that are embedded within the rocks in lithosphere and mantle • Some energy is from residual heat left over from Earth’s formation. Temperature increases with depth in Lithosphere

Geothermal Energy is energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid earth. Geothermal gradient Normally 20 to 30º C / km, 1300 -1400º C at base of lithosphere, 3000 -6000º C + in core Lithosphere Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Graph from Geothermal Education Office, California

Geothermal Power: Natural steam is extracted from wells to power the turbine generator. The left-over cool water is pumped down to sustain production.

Hawaii Geothermal Area The Hawaii geothermal area includes the Puna Geothermal Venture, which is located about 38 km (21 miles) south of Hilo on the Big Island of Hawaii. The facility is situated along the Lower East Rift Zone of the Kilauea Volcano. At the Puna Geothermal Venture, geothermal fluid is brought to the surface through production wells, which tap into the resource at a depth of almost a mile. The steam, along with its noncondensable gases, is routed to the power plant and used to produce electricity for the Big Island of Hawaii.

Benefits of Volcanoes: Geothermal Energy - One of the benefits of volcanism is geothermal power. The geothermal power plant on Kilauea's east rift zone is shown here. Pu'u O'o is up-rift from this plant. (This photo was taken on December 29, 1989. ) The drilling has encountered some of the hottest underground fluids yet found. At a depth of 1, 969 m the hole has a temperature of 350 degrees C. Increased development of Hawaii's geothermal resources is under consideration

Hawaii Geothermal Inter-island Submarine Cable Project Proposed Route (Fesmire and Richardson, 1990).

Map of the major islands of Hawaii showing the location of the 20 Potential Geothermal Resource Areas (PGRAs)

HAWAII AND GEOTHERMAL WHAT HAS BEEN HAPPENING? There is still resistance to using geothermal energy by some members of he local population even though the above issues have been and will continue to be addressed by the government and the developers. However there are well organized groups and various community organizations that will continue to express concern in various ways about the ability of the government and developers to provide socially and environmentally sound geothermal power. Further, the level of support given by the state’s political establishment to expansion of geothermal capacity–

The 30 megawatt (MW) PGV plant uses air-cooled condensers and noise reduction enclosures. It’s a low-profile plant, 8 meter, 24 feet high, and has near zero emissions. Geothermal fluid and gas is reinjected into the deep earth. Puna Geothermal Venture geothermal power plant provides about 20% of electricity demand on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Global Warming and the Fossil Fuels: There approximately 1700 k. Wh of electricity in a barrel of fuel oil, however, power plants are, on average, 31% efficient and an additional 5% of that energy is lost in transmission from source to user. Thus, 1700*0. 31*0. 95 = 501 net k. Wh per barrel. Burning of a barrel of crude oil 0. 43 tons of carbon dioxide are released into the environment. A barrel has 42 gallons, one gallon produces 0. 011 tons.

Steam Engine Internal Combustion Engine Piston

Steam Engine

Effect on Coastal Areas Lava from Kupaianaha pond enters the ocean near Kalapana and extends the coastline (December 27, 1989). Intermittent littoral (sea shore) explosions added spatter to a large littoral cone on top of the sea cliff. Lava flows temporarily destroy land. However, when these same flows reach the sea, new land is added to the total area of the island.

Different Geothermal Energy Sources Hot Water Reservoirs: As the name implies these are reservoirs of hot underground water. There is a large amount of them in the US, but they are more suited for space heating than for electricity production. Natural Steam Reservoirs: In this case a hole dug into the ground can cause steam to come to the surface. This type of resource is rare in the US. Geopressured Reservoirs: In this type of reserve, brine completely saturated with natural gas in stored under pressure from the weight of overlying rock. This type of resource can be used for both heat and for natural gas.

Normal Geothermal Gradient: At any place on the planet, there is a normal temperature gradient of +300 C per km dug into the earth. Therefore, if one digs 20, 000 feet the temperature will be about 1900 C above the surface temperature. This difference will be enough to produce electricity. However, no useful and economical technology has been developed to extracted this large source of energy. Hot Dry Rock: This type of condition exists in 5% of the US. It is similar to Normal Geothermal Gradient, but the gradient is 400 C/km dug underground. Molten Magma: No technology exists to tap into the heat reserves stored in magma. The best sources for this in the US are in Alaska and Hawaii.

World Geothermal Provinces Indian Plate

Geothermal Energy Electricity Power Generation

Alternate Geothermal Technology – Power Tube

A short glimpse at geothermal power First experiment to produce geothermal power, done in Italy in 1904 by prince Ginori Conti Photo courtesy of ENEL/ERGA, Italy Photos: Lund Modern geothermal power plants in Larderello, Italy

A short glimpse at geothermal power Drilling rig at the European R&D site Soultz-sous. Forêts (F) Principle of EGS system for geothermal power production

Deep Geothermal Energy Geothermal heating plant Neustadt-Glewe photo O. Joswig doublet system, used since the late 1970 s in France and since 1984 in (Eastern) Germany

• Present world-wide geothermal energy resources are constrained to areas where hot springs, geysers, and volcanic activity produce sufficient heat energy near the Earth’s surface for electric power generation. These areas follow plate tectonic boundaries around the world. Vast areas of the Earth lie sufficiently far from these boundaries that they are generally untapped for geothermal electric power production. • A clean, renewable and environmentally benign energy source based on the heat in the earth • Used in 58 countries of the world. Known in over 80 • Electricity generation 53 TWh/a in 22 countries • Direct heating use 53 TWh/a in 55 countries • Geothermal is number three of the renewable energy sources in world electrictity production after hydro and biomass. It is followed by wind and solar energy

Iceland 200 Russia 23 Italy 762 Turkey 20 USA 2002 Japan 549 Azores 16 Mexico 858 Guatemala 33 El Salvador 161 Nicaragua 70 Costa Rica 143 China 29 Guadeloupe 4 Thailand 0. 3 Ethiopia 9 Kenya 58 Philippines 1931 Indonesia 787 Australia 0. 2 New Zealand 437 Geothermal electricity Installed capacity MWe 2001

U. S. Geothermal Provinces

United States Geothermal Electric Power Generation Potential (Geo. Powering The West - DOE, 2000) Top 3 States: Nevada, California, Utah Other High Potential States: Idaho, Hawaii, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming

The basic requirements for an exploitable DPSGE geothermal region are similar to those for oil and gas exploration: 1) a sufficiently high geothermal gradient; 2) A significantly large, porous and permeable reservoir to receive and heat injection fluids; 3) A seal to contain the system.

Water temperature (optimum range) 230 o to 380 o F (110 o to 193 o C) Construction costs ~ $1500 per k. W including exploration and drilling. 10 Mw plant $15, 000 (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999)

Geothermal Delivery Systems Existing Plant Designs ØDry Steam Power Plants – use steam directly. ØFlash Steam Power Plants – hot water under pressure (most common). ØBinary Cycle Power Plants – hot water through heat exchanger. ØFeedstock Systems – incremental heat in elevated water temperatures. New Plant Designs ØPower Tube – iso-pentane & iso-butane into subsurface.

Direct uses of geothermal energy is appropriate for sources below 1500 C • • • space heating air conditioning industrial processes drying Greenhouses Aquaculture hot water resorts and pools melting snow

Geothermal Greenhouses Geothermal greenhouse in Nigrita, Greece Cultivation of spirulina algae using geothermal heat

How Direct Uses Work • Direct Sources function by sending water down a well to be heated by the Earth’s warmth. • Then a heat pump is used to take the heat from the underground water to the substance that heats the house. • Then after the water it is cooled is injected back into the Earth.

The power tube housing resembles a giant hypodermic needle. It has a modular nature, with the 10 megawatt unit measuring about 4 feet across and around 180 feet in length.

Geothermal application in the food industry Geothermal tomato drying in Northern Greece The finished product

Ground Heat Collectors This system uses horizontal loops filled with circulating water at a depth of 80 to 160 cm underground. Borehole Heat Exchange This type uses one or two underground vertical loops that extend 150 meters below the surface.

Generation of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150 o. C Dry Steam Plants: These were the first type of plants created. They use underground steam to directly turn the turbines.

Flash Steam Plants: These are the most common plants. These systems pull deep, high pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 3600 F or more to the surface. This water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining water and steam are then injected back into the source from which they were taken.

Binary Cycle Plants: This system passes moderately hot geothermal water past a liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. The resulting steam from the organic liquid drives the turbines. This process does not produce any emissions and the water temperature needed for the water is lower than that needed in the Flash Steam Plants (2500 F – 3600 F). Casa Diablo

Geothermal application in the food industry Fish factory in Laugar, Iceland Geothermal fish drying in Northern Iceland The finished product

Hot Dry Rocks: The simplest models have one injection well and two production wells. Pressurized cold water is sent down the injection well where the hot rocks heat the water up. Then pressurized water of temperatures greater than 2000 F is brought to the surface and passed near a liquid with a lower boiling temperature, such as an organic liquid like butane. The ensuing steam turns the turbines. Then, the cool water is again injected to be heated. This system does not produce any emissions. US geothermal industries are making plans to commercialize this new technology Hot Rock

Geothermal Energy for the German Parliament Heat- and Cold Storage, heat source waste heat from Combined Heatand Power-Generation (CHP) during summertime

Shallow Geothermal Energy Geothermal heating at the Polar Circle: Hotel Storforsen, Älvsby, Sweden 33 BHE each 160 m deep

Geothermal energy in Iceland Total Primary Energy Consumption in 2002 • 86% of houses in the country are heated by geothermal • 17% of the electricity (200 MW) comes from geothermal • Other uses include greenhouses, fish farming, industry, snow melting, swimming pools etc. • Only a fraction of the potential is used

Thank you für your attention! See you all in Blue Lagoon, Iceland

Mc. Do na Frenc ld's World h F here… Fries are m amous ad Bewar e of th e e Croc s Direct uses for Geothermal water Heating the alligator tank in Idaho – No swimming allowed

A boy bathes in Beaujolais Nouveau at a Hakone Onsen Yunessun hot springs resort west of Tokyo in Japan. The young French wine is released on the third Thursday of November every year.

Geothermal Harmful Effects Brine can salinate soil if the water is not injected back into the reserve after the heat is extracted. • Extracting large amounts of water can cause land subsidence, and this can lead to an increase in seismic activity. To prevent this the cooled water must be injected back into the reserve in order to keep the water pressure constant underground. • Power plants that do not inject the cooled water back into the ground can release Hydrogen Sulfide H 2 S, the “rotten eggs” gas. This gas can cause problems if large quantities escape because inhaling too much is fatal.

• • Geothermal Energy - Positive Attributes Useful minerals, such as zinc and silica, can be extracted from underground water. Geothermal energy is “homegrown. ” This will create jobs, a better global trading position and less reliance on oil producing countries. US geothermal companies have signed $6 billion worth of contracts to build plants in foreign countries in the past couple of years. In large plants the cost is 4 -8 cents per kilowatt hour. This cost is almost competitive with conventional energy sources.

• Geothermal plants can be online 100%-90% of the time. Coal plants can only be online 75% of the time and nuclear plants can only be online 65% of the time. • Flash and Dry Steam Power Plants emit 1000 times to 2000 times less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel plants, no nitrogen oxides and little SO 2. • Geothermal electric plants production in 13. 380 g of Carbon dioxide per k. Wh, whereas the CO 2 emissions are 453 g/k. Wh for natural gas, 906 g g/k. Wh for oil and 1042 g/k. Wh for coal. • Binary and Hot Dry Rock plants have no gaseous emission at all. • Geothermal plants do not require a lot of land, 400 m 2 can produce a gigawatt of energy over 30 years.

• Geothermal Heat Pumps: - produces 4 times the energy that they consume. -initially costs more to install, but its maintenance cost is 1/3 of the cost for a typical conventional heating system and it decreases electric bill. This means that geothermal space heating will save the consumer money. -can be installed with the help of special programs that offer low interest rate loans. • Electricity generated by geothermal plants saves 83. 3 million barrels of fuel each year from being burned world wide. This prevents 40. 2 million tons of CO 2 from being emitted into the atmosphere. • Direct use of geothermal energy prevents 103. 6 million barrels of fuel each year from being burned world wide. This stops 49. 6 tons of CO 2 from being emitted into the atmosphere.

Availability of Geothermal Energy • On average, the Earth emits 1/16 W/m 2. However, this number can be much higher in areas such as regions near volcanoes, hot springs and fumaroles. • As a rough rule, 1 km 3 of hot rock cooled by 1000 C will yield 30 MW of electricity over thirty years. • It is estimated that the world could produce 600, 000 EJ over 5 million years. • There is believed to be enough heat radiating from the center of the Earth to fulfill human energy demands for the remainder of the biosphere’s lifetime.