Major Depression By Mr Daniel Hansson Major Depression

Major Depression By Mr Daniel Hansson

Major Depression § § § Symptoms Prevalence Etiology Evaluation Conclusion

Symptoms (DSM-IV-TR( § Affective: Feelings of guilt and sadness, lack of enjoyment or pleasure in familiar activities or company § Behavioural: Passivity, lack of initiative § Cognitive: Frequent negative thoughts, faulty attribution of blame, low self esteem, suicidal thoughts, irrational hopelessness, difficulties in concentration and inability to make decisions § Somatic: Loss of energy, insomnia, or hypersomnia, weight loss/gain, diminished sex drive

Symptoms § One or two major depressive episodes § At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest accompanied with at least four additional symptoms of depression

Prevalence § Life time prevalence for the disorder: Women – 10 -25% Men – 5 -12% § The average to have the first major depression: Mid 20 s § The onset age is decreasing § One episode: 60 % of a second § Two or three episodes: 70 -90 % of a following episode § One year after diagnosis: 40 % are free of symptoms, 20 % have some symptoms, 40 % meet full criteria of the disorder

Prevalence § More common in individualistic than collectivistic cultures § Seattle, Washington: 6. 3 % § China: 4 % § Verona, Italy: 4. 7 % § Groningen, Germany: 15. 9 % § Manchester, United Kingdom: 16. 9 % § Ankara, Turkey: 11. 6 % § Nagasaki, Japan: 2. 6 %

Etiology § § § Biological Cognitive Sociocultural

Biological § Genetic and biochemical factors in depression § E. g. Caspi (2003), Lykken & Tellegen (1996(

Cognitive § A depressed mood may lead to depressed thoughts § Depressed cognitions, cognitive distortions, and irrational beliefs produce disturbances in mood § E. g. Goldapple (2004), Lyon & Woods (1991(

Sociocultural § Social and cultural factors affect the prevalence and manifestation of the disorder § E. g. Harris (1978), Cutrona, Wallace, & Wesner (2006(

Evaluation +Can be used for therapy +Supporting research -Methodological problems with research -Simplistic: Each perspective emphasizes one factor

Conclusion § An interactionistic explanation of major depressive disorder is preferable, e. g. the diathesis-stress model or the biopsychosocial model