Mainstreaming experiences SNC GEF SCCF LDC NAPA SGPCBA

Mainstreaming experiences: - SNC - GEF – SCCF, LDC, NAPA - SGP-CBA - ALM - Interface initiative Gabor Vereczi Regional Technical Advisor for Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific United Nations Development Programme

Why do a National Communication? • To fulfil the reporting commitment under the UNFCCC • But more importantly, to generate information and knowledge to inform mitigation and adaptation planning and policy decisions • Results of Mitigation and V&A assessments can be used to leverage financial resources for supporting mitigation and adaptation measures • SNC – more focus on implementation measures, adaptation – try to craft NAPA type of project profiles

Data management, scenario development Use local information to complement top-down info sources (GCM-RCM), which can be difficult, expensive Wealth of MET (observational) data in many countries Data source search – like a treasure hunt, takes time and efforts but results in rich reward Information is power – institutions, people more than just info givers, they are partners Spend 70 -80% time on baseline data, adding of future CC scenarios will be much easier Timeline needs to be designed according to sectoral needs (road-20 years, building 50 -100 years) Synthetic, incremental scenarios (provide a range – realistic but arbitrary, gives and idea of sensitivity to prioritize adaptation) vs. climate models (bit of overkill for the Pacific) Scenario is a mean not an end!

Socio-economic evaluations • Use the same time horizon for socio-economic futures than to CC scenarios. • Uncerteanity of socioeconomic futures the same way important as CC uncerteanities. • Use good baseline info. Make difference between urban centers, main islands and outer islands – huge difference in income, natural resources use REMEMBER: IT IS NOT JUST THE CLIMATE WHICH IS CHANGING! Futures in: • Population size and density • Water demand • Food requirements • Housing demand • Percent of land under forest cover and arable use • Growth in food imports • Urban growth and anticipated water and health problems • Tourist developments (e. g. infrastructure, resource use) • Trends in commercial agriculture and use of traditional crops • Dependency on external markets and remittances

Method: • followed IPCC, UNFCCC, UNDP and Pacific community based V&A methodologies adapted for Samoa • built on body of existing information: NAPA and Climate Risk Profile • CRP - core scientific tool, risk-based approach • future changes in climate based on GCMs, grid square covering a large portion of Upolu and adjacent areas, climate projections more reflective of changes for the country as a whole. Samoa SNC

VULNERABILITIES AND IMPACTS Most vulnerable sectors analyzed for current sensitivities and future risks: • Water supply and quality • Health • Agriculture and food production • Infrastructure • Biodiversity, ecology and conservation • Fisheries Impact of flooding on water reserve tanks at Alaoa Climate stress Extreme High Rainfall Extreme High Temperatures (Drought) Cyclones & Storm Surges Sea Level Rise & Salt Water Intrusion Flooding Erosion Sedimen tation Quality H H H M Quantity M M M H H M Infrastructure H H H L Sector Component

Matrix showing each sector component with likely impacts of climate change and its time dependency. Sector Component Climate Risks Oceanic Fisheries Extreme winds Sea Surface Temperature Coastal Fisheries Sea surface temperature wave actions flooding, Aquaculture Flooding, wave actions, Temperature Future Impacts Method used to assess impacts Oceanic fisheries catch and CPUE trends SST monthly records Expert judgement Increased extreme winds will reduce oceanic fisheries catch landings as to the safety of fishermen is a priority. High SSTs will affect CPUE for albacore, This could be in favour for yellow fin and skip jack as they are tropical species Coral bleaching, fish may Monitoring, move elsewhere Analogue, statistical models, expert Destroy nursery areas and judgement damage habitat Flooding causes siltation, put pressure on corals and sessile invertebrates May smother fish nursery areas Smother broad stocks of Monitoring and giant clams expert judgement Could wash stress broad stock and consequently dies Stress broad stock and consequently dies. Time Frame Immediate to long term. (1 to 20 years) Immediate to long term ( 1 to 30 years) Immediate to long term (1 to 30 years)

Existing and additional adaptation measures Example: Infrastructure Sector Description Adaptation options Infrastructure The threats posed by climate change to the infrastructure of are many and varied. Some coping mechanisms are currently adopted to offset the threats of the climate stresses on the sector components. This includes a mixture of national level and community level mechanisms. Traditional tourist accommodation – Samoan fales ( cheaper) Air conditioning ( hot days) Implementation of CIMPs The Infrastructure Asset Management Plan through its CIM Plans has identified coastal areas that are prone to hazards. As a result the Government of Samoa had completed constructing sea walls at some of these priority areas and is continuing building them at areas identified. In addition to seawalls, mangrove rehabilitation was also introduced in the CIMPs to help the coastline to regenerate and for the natural fauna and flora of the past to get back to the area. Planning and Urban Management Act – EIA, Development consent – climate proofing Legislations, policies Building codes and guidelines Review environmental impact assessment requirements and regulatory frameworks to mandate the consideration of climate-related risks Establishment of a climate change information portal for easier acess to information Funding for technology transfer to help the Samoan government protect vital infrastructure Climate proof coastal infrastructure with a mix of soft and hard adaptation options, including mangroves and coastal wetlands.

Sectoral mainstreaming through adaptation implementation: SAMOA NAPA priorities – integrated approach 2008 (National CC Policy, CIMP, SNC) Priorities Sectors Project Profile 4 3 5 CLimate Health Agriculture Early Warning System (CLEWS) Climate Health Programme Agriculture Sustainability & Food Security 4 7 Climate Coastal Early Warning System Coastal & River Protection 4 2 8 Climate Forestry Environment PACC Early Warning System Reforestation and Rehabilitation Terrestrial LDCF Biodiversity – PAs on Public Lands 4 6 1 2 9 Climate Land use Planning Water Forestry Tourism Early Warning System Zoning & Strategic Planning Surface Flood Adaptation Forest Fire Prevention Sustainable Tourism Adaptation 4 1 7 8 Climate Water Coastal Environment Early Warning System Protection of Water Resources Coastal Wetlands Rehabilitation Marine Biodiversity Conservation - MPAs LDCF Aus. Ai. D

PACC Workshop: V&A and mainstreaming Need to integrate CC into policy instruments as mainstreaming tools (legislative, financial, monitoring, assessment) Efficiency of regulations: gaps and loopholes

MAP CBA Programme Øto improve the adaptive capacity of communities, thereby to reduce vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change risks; Ø to provide countries with concrete ground-level experience with local climate change adaptation, and; Øto provide clear policy lessons, support informed policy making (from the ground) • MAP CBA grant funding envelope of US$2. 4 million for 15 Pacific countries • Full utilization of SGP systems and procedures

CBA is community-driven CBA is the grassroots component of climate change adaptation CBA will respond to locally specific needs, and develop lessons for global and national stakeholders to further adaptation practice • Solutions must be locally specific, strengthen local governance

Simplified tools: - for vulnerability and risk assessment, for project design such as “almanarios”, yellow booklet, video proposal, etc.

Vulnerability and Adaptation Matrix for CBA Priority Importance Current and vulnerability to livelihoods future CC and impacts areas/sectors Coastal erosion and hazards (storm surges, cyclones) Coastal ecosystems degradation (mangroves, coral reefs) Flooding Crop production Housing and settlements/infr astructure Fishery Forestry Health Water resources Others Non-CC impacts Existing barriers to adaptation Existing and proposed adaptation measures Target groups, Information participating sources, stakeholders references in the community and their roles

www. adaptationlearning. net ALM as ONE UN- Global Knowledge Platform delivering as one on CC adaptation

The participatory mode of the ALM allows: • • • uploading local information; dialoguing with policy makers and decision makers; informing practitioners about good adaptation practices; and innovative use of multi-media. Combination with off-line and conventional media – bridging the digital divide

ALM as ONE UN- Global Knowledge Platform delivering as one on CC adaptation Pilot -Pacific Country network and offices Inter-regional learning Decentralized knowledge hubs Existing Knowledge. Networks ALM-ONE UN Global Knowledge Platform Community of practice Pilot – Country x Developing Country Demand Contributing Partners CSOs Civil Society Organisationsb ased North and South Private sector CSOs

Interface between Climate Change, Disasters and the Potential for Conflict Challenges to mainstreaming risk management and reduction measures due to weak institutional arrangements and capacities n Initial activities to support capacity -building efforts n n Research; Development of methodologies and tools; Awareness-raising events; Deployment of policy advisors/specialists within Regional Organisations Presented at Cairns CC Side Event, Forum Regional Security Committee