MAGNITUDE 6 2 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL ITALY Wednesday

MAGNITUDE 6, 2 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL ITALY Wednesday Morning, August 24, 2016 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY

LOCATION MAP

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES WILDFIRES LANDSLIDES

The moderate magnitude, SHALLOW (10 km) DEPTH, earthquake, which struck at 3: 36 a. m. local time on Wednesday morning near Norcia, 50 miles southeast of Perugia, was felt more than 100 miles away in Rome

Perugia is the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the river Tiber, and also the capital of the province of Perugia, located about 164 km from Rome

Strong ground shaking caused severe damage that resulted in at least 247 deaths (so far), and many injuries and homeless, especially in Amatrice

“AMATRICE, AS A CITY, IS NO MORE”

DEVASTATION IN AMATRICE

DEVASTATION

DEVASTATION

Immediately, local residents worked with their bare hands in efforts to save survivors trapped in the rubble

A RESCUE IN AMATRICE

International disaster relief agency, Shelter. Box, based in the UK but with an affiliate organisation in Milan, sent a team within 24 hours to assist in what will be a very difficult search and rescue

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES

TECTONIC PLATES

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/LOSS EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING DAMAGE/LOSS TSUNAMI DAMAGE/ LOSS TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING ST ON E RI CK O R 30 ON RY , B 25 AS AL D M OR CE 20 F IN NF RE I 15 I RE O NF H S LL CE FO V VI OR NF W E TE AM R E F L CR EE ON ST IN RE INTENSITY ME FRA D WOO L & A MET ALL VII A DW I RE ITH C ED C R 5 W RE N CO ED C R OR D CE LS N U ET R C 10 0 IT W E UN MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE 35 VIII IX

CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH UNPREPARED COMMUNITIES

A DISASTER is --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i. e. , a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e. g. , earthquakes, tsunamis, …) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE. . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low -probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

EARTHQUAKES • HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK ITALY’S COMMUNITIES EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • FORECASTS/SCENARIOS • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I. E. , WORKING TOGETHER ON A COMMON GOAL) FOR BECOMINMG EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENT

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE • MEASURMENT • DATABASES TECHNOLOGIES (E. G. , • DISASTER GROUND SHAKING; SCENARIOS STRAIN) • ZONATION OF • INFORMATION POTENTIAL DISASTER TECHNOLOGY AGENTS AS A TOOL (E. G. , GIS) FOR POLICY • RISK MODELING (E. G. , DECISIONS HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ RESILIENCE • AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMEMT • PREFABRICATION AND MODULARIZATION • ADVANCED MATERIALS (E. G. , COMPOSITES) • COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN • PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS • ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E. G. , BASE ISOLATION) • REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ DISASTER RESILIENCE • PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS • MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E. G. , SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM) • DATABASES • SEISMIC ENGINEERING • MAPS: GROUND SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP • DISASTER SCENARIOS • WARNING SYSTEMS • RISK MODELING (E. G. , HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)