magnetic interaction There is interaction between a particle

magnetic interaction There is interaction between a particle and other bodies which depends on the charge of the particle, its position and its velocity (and its spin). We call this interaction a magnetic interaction. Moving charged particles in the body cause the magnetic interaction. B ++ v F O The region of space in which magnetic forces can be exerted is called a magnetic field.

magnetic field vector The magnetic field vector at position is a vector such that, at this position, the magnetic force exerted on a particle with charge q, moving with velocity , would be B F ++ v

the cyclotron frequency Recall that in a uniform circular motion: B ++ v F O In a uniform magnetic field, the particle moves with constant angular velocity along the magnetic field

work due to magnetic interaction ds + v F B The magnetic work performed on the particle is zero. (A magnetic field cannot change the speed of a particle. )

magnetic force "on a current" B Ids d. F I The (differential) force , exerted on a (differential) segment, depends on the current I in the wire, the size ds and orientation of the segment, and the magnetic field vector at the location of the segment:

magnetic moment The magnetic moment of an object is a vector such that the magnetic torque exerted on the object (about its center of the mass) placed in the magnetic field is Puzzle. What is the direction of the magnetic moment of a compass needle? B N B S B B

magnetic moment of a current loop The magnetic moment of a wire loop carrying current depends on the current I in the loop and the area A of the loop. r b t a

potential energy The potential energy of an object in a magnetic field depends on the magnetic moment of the object and the magnetic field at its location N S

The Lorentz force When the particle moves in the presence of both a magnetic field an electric field, the net force depends on both fields: Example. The Hall effect V + + + + FB d vd + _ FE _ _ _ I _ _ _

Maxwell's equations. . . and God said: Let. . . and there was light.

Gauss‘s law for magnetic fields The net electric flux through any The net magnetic flux through closed (Gaussian) surface is any closed (Gaussian) surface proportional to the net charge is equal to zero: inside the surface: N

Faraday's law of induction N B E The line integral of the electric field vector around any closed path equals the rate of change in the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path.

Ampere-Maxwell law E E I The circulation of the magnetic field vector around any amperian loop proportional the sum of the total conduction current and the displacement current through any surface bounded by that path. B The proportionality coefficient is called the permeability of free space.

displacement current The rate of change in the electric field multiplied by the permittivity of free space is called the displacement current I Example: Q E -Q I

Example: Magnetic field of a long straight wire with current I v ds B + R F

the Biot-Savart law d. B Ids P r I The (differential) magnetic field at a certain position P produced by a differential element carrying electric current I depends on the value of the current and the size and orientation of the segment.

Example: infinite straight wire with current I z y d. B x R P r s Ids -

Interaction between two parallel current B 1 F 21 I 1 a 1 2 I 2 l The magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on segment l of a wire by the other wire (infinite) is Parallel "currents" attract and antiparallel repel.

magnetic field of a solenoid The magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero Bout 0 The magnetic field inside is uniform, its direction is parallel to the axis, and the magnitude depends on the current and the number of loops per length of the solenoid Bin 0 n. I N S L I I

Magnetic properties of matter When a substance is placed in a (external) magnetic field, its molecules acquire a magnetic moment related to the external field. This creates an additional magnetic field (internal). B 0 Bm paramagnetics: >1 diamagnetics: <1