madwar President James Madison Born in Virginia 1751

madwar President James Madison • Born in Virginia, 1751 • Enlisted in Continental Army but too small • Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer. • Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. • Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency • President (D-R), 1809 to 1817 • Had to deal with Jefferson’s policies after he left office

Presidential Election of 1808

Madison’s Administration: Tension Over Trade Continues n n Non-Intercourse Trade Act of 1809 n Define: Trade with other nations other than Eng. & France-attempt to damage their economies n Results: seriously damaged the economy of the United States Macon’s Bill No. 2 n Define: reopened trade with England France- could suspend if issues arise n Results: Despite hurting the economy as a whole, the bill did help America begin to industrialize- no British manufactured goods could be imported and had to be instead produced domestically

Presidential Election of 1812

Veto of Bonus Bills (1817) n n Bonus Bill (by Calhoun of SC) n Extra revenues from BUS would be used to pay for internal improvements n Clay’s American System Madison vetoes the Bill n Strict Constructionist n Would increase the power of the central gov’t n Constitution did not give Fed gov’t power to finance these projects n Veto reflects sectional concerns n Creation of roads would allow people to move to territories, less power to already established states

Causes of the War of 1812 Maritime Issues Problems on the Frontier Western “War Hawks”

Principle of Free Trade and Impressment of American Sailors n n England blockades ports under French control to all foreign shipping (including U. S. ) England continued to seize U. S. ships and impress Americans

Attacks on Western Frontier Conflict n We gave them forest -clad mountains and “ valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death” n Tecumseh (Shawnee) and the Prophet (brother) form Indian Confederacy n Attack white settlements east of Mississippi n Supplied by British n Renewal of Indian cultural General William H. Harrison is governor of Indiana and instructed by Pres. Jefferson to convince Tecumseh to stop

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 Harrison invites N. A. chiefs to a meeting in Fort Wayne, IN. n Sign a treaty giving away 3 mil acres of land to U. S. n Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands. n Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe. n This made Harrison a national hero! [1840 election Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!] n

Western War Hawks Calhoun and Clay want War! Why? ? ? n n John C. Calhoun South Carolina n n Henry Clay Kentucky Defend its neutrality Stop impressment (destroying U. S. economy) British forts on U. S. soil Tecumseh (British arming) Desire for Canada British disrespect Americans n New Generation of Americans, born after independence, don’t fear British

New England Opposes the War n n NE states (mostly Federalist) opposed Policies and war will hurt trade They are the coastal states and will deal with brunt of war, western lands will not Led by Daniel Webster

Madison’s War Message and Congressional Vote n Madison’s War Message n n 6/1/1812 Britain had: n n n Interfered with U. S. Shipping Impressment of sailors Provoked Indian attacks n Congressional Vote n n n Reflected sectional/politic al divisions Ho. R 79 -49 Senate 19 -13

United States vs. Britain

Problems Facing America n Military is unprepared n n n Financially n n n 16 ships v. 100+ Disorganized state militias and few volunteers Inflated paper money No trade = no tariff profits Disunity in country

Map war 1812 • US unprepared for war but fought valiantly • Failed invasion into Canada. • British blockade hurt US economy…

The British Burn the Capital n n n August 1814, the British Army invades the United States and marches on Washington D. C. After a brief fight the city surrenders and nearly all government buildings are razed by fire Madison rallies the American public after this defeat

highlights Washington, D. C. burned by British, 25 th of August 1814 Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it.

Failure of the Conscription Bill (1814) n n Need for a larger Military Force n Madison and So. S Monroe propose a Conscription Bill n Create a national draft n Wanted 40, 000 Soldiers Opposition to bill is lead by Daniel Webster (F, NH) n Believes draft is unconstitutional and limits freedoms and liberty n Draft is never mentioned in Constitution

The Battle of Fort Mc. Henry and the “The Star Spangled Banner”

Battle of New Orleans (1/8/15) n n n 10 k British v. 4. 5 K U. S. British attack unprotected Battle takes an hour n Most of the fighting in the first 20 minutes British = 2, 036 casualties US = 21 casualties Andrew Jackson was the American General = war hero

The Treaty of Ghent n n War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Results: n A halt to the fighting n The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders n Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States n DOES NOT ADDRESS ANY OF THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Hartford Convention (12/14 – 1/15) n Radical NE Federalist meet to discuss problems (caused by the war) and their possible solutions n Believed it was an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy n Continued to smuggle goods and trade with England n Talked of secession (never that seriously) n When people learned about the meeting and discussions the Federalist became very unpopular

War’s Impact and Legacy n n n n Illustrated sectional differences in America Federalist Party begins to disappear (due to the Hartford Convention) n Idea of nullification will later be used by the South U. S. remains neutral in European affairs and wants to be isolated = Monroe Doctrine Native Americans forced to give up land relocate U. S. builds factory since they can not rely on Britain War heroes – Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison are future presidents U. S. Nationalism: n n Attack Barbary Pirates Larger standing army American System National Bank is re-chartered

Tariff of 1816 n n n Reasoning n U. S. is facing budget deficit and Fed. Gov’t needs more $ n Can not rely on GB for goods, must protect U. S. manufacturing n Clay’s American System Support n North n where majority of manufacturing is, so they favor a protective tariff n South n Tariff is to be temporary n after War of 1812 they push for national unity – advocated by Calhoun – Era of Good Feelings n Tariff will only apply to certain goods (cotton, wool, iron – not things they often bought) Tariff Passes n 25% tariff for 3 years then % begins to drop