Macronutrients Micronutrients Animal Food Characteristics Nutrients and Health

Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Animal Food Characteristics, Nutrients and Health, Food Consumtion, and Malnutrition 2021/12/26 1

STUDY ACHIEVEMENT No Components Formatif (Knowledge and Understanding) Mid-term Exam Final Exam 2 Sumatif (Managerial Skill) Quiz Task others (Kedisiplinan dan Keaktifan) 3 Practical class (Practical Skill) Total Score Percentage (%) 1 2021/12/26 35 35 10 100 2

Nutrients o Nutrient is a substance obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance and/or repair. o Essential nutrients are those the body cannot make for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological need and so has to be obtained from food. o Food is a nutritive material taken into the body for maintenance of life, growth and repair of tissues. o Nutrients Classification: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. 2021/12/26 3

Nutrients o Carbohydrate, fat, protein and vitamin are organic compounds. o Minerals and water are anorganic compounds. o Constituents other than nutrients: alcohols, organic acids, pigments, additives, toxicants, and contaminants. o Burning food: evaporating water and oxidizing organic compounds into gas (CO 2) and water vapor and remaining ash (minerals). o An organic compound is a one that contains carbon atoms. 2021/12/26 4

Nutrients o The first organic compound known were natural products synthesized by plants or animals. It has been expanded to include all carbon compounds, whatever their origin. o The organic nutrients are carbohydrate, fat, protein, and vitamins. The first three yield energy for human use. o Metabolism is a set of processes by which nutrients are rearranged into body structures or broken down to yield energy. 2021/12/26 5

Nutrients o The amount of energy released from the nutrients can be measured by calories (kcal). o Oxidizing organic compounds yield energy: n 1 g cabohyhrate : 4 kcal n 1 g protein : 4 kcal n 1 g fat : 9 kcal 2021/12/26 6

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats o Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are break down into simpler compounds. o The processes yield energy and fragments of original materials. o Fragments are used to build new compounds contributing to fat, muscle or other tissues, or excreted as waste materials. o Energy is used to build new compounds, work and escape as heat. o Carbohydrate, fat and protein should be consumed 50200 g of each per day to meet body energy need. 2021/12/26 7

Vitamins o There are two groups of vitamin: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. o Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, and K o Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and C vitamin o The body may break down them but cannot extract usable energy from them. o The vitamins are destructible, so it has implication of food handling and cooking methods. o The vitamins are unstable to excessive acid, alkali, air, heat, or light. 2021/12/26 8

Vitamins o The role of vitamins are to help processes of which other nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized to body compounds or excreted. o Mostly serve as cofactors or co-enzymes in enzymatic reaction. 2021/12/26 9

Minerals o Minerals are inorganic elements and they occur in even simpler forms. o Mineral can exist as a single charged atom (an ion), component of bone and teeth, component of some kind of protein and vitamin. o Major minerals: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfur. o Trace minerals: iron, iodine, zinc, chromium, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, manganese, vanadium, tin, silicon, and nickel. 2021/12/26 10

Water o o Water is a major part of every body tissue. Water is inorganic compound and yield no energy. Intake water per day 2000 -3000 g Source of body water is from food, drink and metabolic process. o Water provides the medium in which nearly all the body`s activity are conducted. o It participates in many metabolic reactions. o It provides the medium for transporting vital materials to cells and wate ptoducts away from them. 2021/12/26 11

Nutrition Status o Nutrition status can be assessed by both nutrient deviciency (undernutrition) and overnutrition. o Undernutrition: underconsumption of energy or nutrient. o Overnutrition: overconsumption of energy or nutrient. o Both are malnutrition which also includes imbalance of nutrient or energy intake. 2021/12/26 12

Undernutrition o Primary deficiency is caused by inadequate dietary intake of nutrients. o Secondary deficiency is caused by something other than diet, such as disease that reduce absorption, increase excretion or causes destruction of nutrients. 2021/12/26 13

Overnutrition o Overnutrition leads to be imbalance intake of nutrient or energy. o Overnutrition also leads to be toxicity condition. 2021/12/26 14

Nutrient Status Assessement o Obtaining information of the diet recording/history. o Physical examination of clues to poor nutrition status, such as hair, eyes, skin, tongue, fingernails. o Taking sample of body tissues (such as blood or urine), study them in the laboratory for the effect of abnormal states. o Taking of anthropometric measures such as height, weight. 2021/12/26 15

How well do we eat? o Information of nutrients you need and what foods supply them. o Combine those foods into a healthful eating, and o Tailor the eating plan to your lifestyle. 2021/12/26 16

Why do we eat as we do? o o o Personal preference Habit or tradition Social pressure Convenience Economy Nutritional value 2021/12/26 17

Recommended Nutrient Intake o Many countries have developed nutrient standard. o USA uses RDA (recommended dietary allowance). o Canada uses RNI (recommended nutrient intake). 2021/12/26 18

Recommended Dietary Allowance o RDAs are daily recommended intake of nutrients intended to provide for individual variations among most normal, healthy people in the US under usual environmental stresses. o RDAs are set for energy, vitamins and minerals. o RDAs are not requirements, and not certainly not minimum requirements. 2021/12/26 19

Recommended Dietary Allowance o RDAs are not minimum amounts but represent the approximate midpoints of range within which nutrient intakes above or below these range might be equally harmful. o RDAs are for healthy persons only. 2021/12/26 20