Macromolecules You are what you eat Regents Biology
Macromolecules: You are what you eat Regents Biology
Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic Molecules: Contains Carbon AND associated with life. Inorganic Molecules: Not associated with life… may, or may not contain carbon
Carbon is cool - It can make up to 4 covalent bonds and fold in all kinds of ways!! Regents Biology
CHNOPS… the main elements that make up your body!!!! (Carbon; Hydrogen; Nitrogen; Oxygen; Phosphorus; Sulfur) Regents Biology
What are Macromolecules? • Nutrients provide the raw materials required for growth, repair and energy for living things. We obtain these nutrients as part of our diet. Some nutrients are required in large amounts to support cellular health, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
4 Types of Macromolecules • • Carbohydrates: Sugars + Starches Lipids: Fats and Oils Protein: Muscle Tissue Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material
Macromolecules • Macro means: – Large • Molecule: – Compound formed From 2 or more atom. One Regents Biology Many
Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar Lipids = built from fatty acid & glycerol Glycerol Fatty – acid Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide Regents Biology
Identify each example according to type of macromolecule. . . Regents Biology
Butter
Chicken Breast Regents Biology
Bread
Fish Filet
Pizza Grease
Corn Syrup Regents Biology
DNA
Digesting Macromolecules gives us energy ATP ATP starch ATP ATP glucose ATP
Any Questions?
• Stop & Read through questions in Carbohydrates • Work on your own – Pg 34– 35 AND 44 -48
Carbohydrates Regents Biology
Carbohydrates are built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar Regents Biology
Function of Carbohydrates – quick energy – energy storage – Structure Regents Biology starch
Glucose Monomer Starch Glycogen Cellulose
BIG carbohydrates chitin – structure in arthropods & fungi » exoskeleton
Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose so well? – BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest celluloserich (grass) meals Eeeew… Chewing cud?
Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides • The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of C 6 H 12 O 6 • These simple sugars are called Monosaccharides • All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, but different shapes. • Examples: – Glucose – Fructose – Galactose
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides • Disaccharide = Double sugar. • They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides • • • Polysaccharide = Many sugars This is a long chain of monosaccharides Examples: – Starch: Grain Foods – Cellulose: Plant fiber
2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Nucleic acids: Information molecules 2006 -2007 Biology Regents
Nucleic Acids • Function: – genetic material • stores information • transfers information DNA Regentsproteins Biology
Nucleic acids • Monomer (building block) = nucleotides Nitrogen bases I’m the A, T, C, G or U part! sugar phosphate Regents Biology N base
Nucleotide chains • Nucleic acids sugar N base phosphate – nucleotides chained into a polymer phosphate strong bonds sugar N base phosphate Regents Biology RNA
Nucleic Acids Examples – DNA – RNA Regents Biology RNA
2003 -2004 Biology Regents
That’s One Big Fatty Acid! Lipids Concentrated energy molecules
Lipids • Examples – fats – oils – waxes – hormones • sex hormones – testosterone (male) – estrogen (female) 2003 -2004
Glycerol HEAD Fatty Acid TAIL
Another way to Illustrate Lipids Head Tail 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Lipids • Function: – energy storage • very concentrated • twice the energy as carbohydrates! – cell membrane – cushions organs – insulates body • think whale blubber!
Other Functions of Lipids in your Body • Sex Hormones (Look WAY different than the other lipids… they are in rings). – Signals from one body system to another. 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Why are some fats solid and others liquid? Regents Biology
• Quiz 2003 -2004
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Animal (solid) vs. Plant (liquid) saturated unsaturated
2003 -2004
Proteins! 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Amine Regents Biology
Function of Proteins in Your Body Immune System Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body. 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA. 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Messengers Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs. … Growth Hormone is a protein! 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Structural Component These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move. 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Transport and Storage These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body. 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Denaturating Proteins Look Mom – I can denature proteins!!! Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids Regents Biology
2003 -2004 Biology Regents
Videos • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q. BRFIMc x. ZNM • 1: 01: 30 – Cracking the Code • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Ig. SDVD 4 QEc 2003 -2004 Biology Regents
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