Macromolecules of Life Lecture 4 Cell Composition Water

Cell Composition § Water - 70% § Inorganic molecules § Organic (carbon-containing) molecules §

Uniqueness of Water § Water - H 2 & 0 § Polar molecule -

Inorganic Molecules § § § § Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Phosphate Chloride Bicarbonate (HCO

Organic Molecules § Most cellular organic molecules belong to the following classes § §

Macromolecules § Proteins § Nucleic Acids § Carbohydrates Generally exist as macromolecules and constitute

02_17_disaccharide. jpg Animation of condensation reaction

Carbohydrates § Simple sugars & polysaccarides § Simple sugars are the cells preferred nutrient

Carbohydrates cont… § § § Monosaccarides = simple sugar units Glycosidic bonds Oligosaccarides =

Lipids Have 3 major roles in cells Energy storage § as triacylglycerols (fats) which

Nucleic Acids § § DNA & RNA Principle informational molecules of the cell. DNA

Proteins § § § § Most diverse of macromolecules Functional and structural roles Each

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Macromolecules of Life Lecture 4

Cell Composition § Water - 70% § Inorganic molecules § Organic (carbon-containing) molecules § Interaction of water with the other constituents of the cell is paramount

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Uniqueness of Water § Water - H 2 & 0 § Polar molecule - H side is + § Polar molecule - O side is § Hydrogen bonding § Density at 4°C is key to life

Inorganic Molecules § § § § Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Phosphate Chloride Bicarbonate (HCO 3 -)

Organic Molecules § Most cellular organic molecules belong to the following classes § § Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules § Proteins § Nucleic Acids § Carbohydrates Generally exist as macromolecules and constitute 80 + % of the dry weight of the cell.

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Naming conventions

02_17_disaccharide. jpg Animation of condensation reaction

Carbohydrates § Simple sugars & polysaccarides § Simple sugars are the cells preferred nutrient source § Polysaccarides used for storage and some structure § Cellular adhesion & intercellular transport

Carbohydrates cont… § § § Monosaccarides = simple sugar units Glycosidic bonds Oligosaccarides = short polymer Polysaccarides = 100’s to 1000’s Glycogen (animal) & Starch (plant) are storage forms of carbohydrates, both made of glucose § Cellulose (plant) structural role, also made of glucose

Lipids Have 3 major roles in cells Energy storage § as triacylglycerols (fats) which due to the hydrophobic nature of their tails form droplets within the cytoplasm. § Yield upon hydrolysis 2 X the energy per unit weight compared to carbohydrates. § Cell membranes § Phospholipid form, which has just 2 fatty acids joined to a polar head group § Phospholipids are AMPHIPATHIC in nature. Key to membrane formation. § Cell signaling § Within cells and between cells as steroid hormones § Chemical messenger molecules

Nucleic Acids § § DNA & RNA Principle informational molecules of the cell. DNA is normally the genetic material RNA can be the genetic material, however more abundant as m. RNA, r. RNA, and t. RNA. Other functions too.

Proteins § § § § Most diverse of macromolecules Functional and structural roles Each cell contains several thousand AAs ENZYMES Polymers of 20 different amino acid sub-units. Peptide bonds Polypeptides - Linear molecules, sequence specific, with 3 D configurations

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