Macromolecules Monomers Monomer Building Block Amino acid Polymer
Macromolecules & Monomers Monomer (Building Block) Amino acid Polymer (Macromolecules) Protein Monosaccharide Polysaccharide (simple sugar) Nucleotides Nucleic acids Lipids
Synthesis & Degradation
Synthesis & Degradation Dehydration Reactions Monomer H Monomer
Polymerization Hydrolysis Reactions Monomer H Monomer
Polymerization & Degradation Monomer H Monomer Monomer
Protein Functions • Enzymes – 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate • Transport – Transmembrane, systemic, intracellular • Structural – Collagen, keratin, fibroin, cytoskeletal components • Mechanical – Muscle contraction, dynein & kinesin, cilia & flagella • Protection – Antibody, fibrinogen, keratin • Killing – Complement, toxins • Information processing – Signal transduction, rhodopsin, RNA & DNA polymerase
Peptide Functions • Glutathione – 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate • Oxytocin – Lactation & Uterine contractions • Neuropeptide Y & Galanin – Appetite stimulating • Cholecyostokinin & -melanocyte – Appetite suppression • Vasopressin & Atrial natriuretic factor – Increases / Decreases blood pressure • Met-enkephalin & Leu-enkephalin – Opioid peptides • Substance P & Bradykinin – Pain perception
Amino Acids • -Carbon – Hydrogen atom – Amino group – Carboxyl group – One of 20 R-groups (side chains)
Amino Acids
CODES & SYMBOLS • Each amino acid has a trivial name, a 3 -letter code, and a 1 letter symbol – The code is usually the first three-letters of the trivial name – Exceptions: asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), isoleucine (Ile), & tryptophan (Trp)
Peptide Bond
Amino Acids & Proteins • Short amino acid polymers – – – 2 residues -- dipeptide 3 residues – tripeptide 6 residues -- hexapeptide 12 - 20 residues -- oligopeptide Many residues – polypeptide Functional -- protein
Protein
Primary Structure
Primary Structure
Primary structure determine folding
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Proteins • One or more polypeptide chains – Monomer, dimer, trimer, oligomer, multimer – Homodimer, heterodimer, homotrimer, etc. • Subunits often designated as , ,
Amino Acids & Proteins
Disulfide Bonds
Amino Acids & Proteins
Quaternary Structure Fibrous proteins
Quaternary Structure Globular proteins
Carbohydrates – Cn(H 2 O)n
Carbohydrates – Cn(H 2 O)n 3 carbons -- triose 4 carbons – tetrose 5 carbons -- pentose 6 carbons -- tetrose
Carbohydrates – Cn(H 2 O)n 2 monosaccharides - disaccharide 3 monosaccharides trisaccharide several monosaccharides - oligosaccharide many monosaccharides - polysaccharide
Carbohydrates Starch & Glycogen
Carbohydrates
Lipids – Fatty Acids
Lipids – Fatty Acids
Lipids Triglycerides
Lipids Phospholipids
Lipids – Sterols
Lipids – Sterols
Lipids – Fatty Sterols
Lipids – Waxes
Lipids
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides & Nucleic acids
Nucleotides & Nucleic acids
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