Macromolecules Monomers Monomer Building Block Amino acid Polymer

Macromolecules & Monomers Monomer (Building Block) Amino acid Polymer (Macromolecules) Protein Monosaccharide Polysaccharide (simple sugar) Nucleotides Nucleic acids Lipids

Synthesis & Degradation

Synthesis & Degradation Dehydration Reactions Monomer H Monomer

Polymerization Hydrolysis Reactions Monomer H Monomer

Polymerization & Degradation Monomer H Monomer Monomer

Protein Functions • Enzymes – 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate • Transport – Transmembrane, systemic, intracellular • Structural – Collagen, keratin, fibroin, cytoskeletal components • Mechanical – Muscle contraction, dynein & kinesin, cilia & flagella • Protection – Antibody, fibrinogen, keratin • Killing – Complement, toxins • Information processing – Signal transduction, rhodopsin, RNA & DNA polymerase

Peptide Functions • Glutathione – 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate • Oxytocin – Lactation & Uterine contractions • Neuropeptide Y & Galanin – Appetite stimulating • Cholecyostokinin & -melanocyte – Appetite suppression • Vasopressin & Atrial natriuretic factor – Increases / Decreases blood pressure • Met-enkephalin & Leu-enkephalin – Opioid peptides • Substance P & Bradykinin – Pain perception

Amino Acids • -Carbon – Hydrogen atom – Amino group – Carboxyl group – One of 20 R-groups (side chains)

Amino Acids

CODES & SYMBOLS • Each amino acid has a trivial name, a 3 -letter code, and a 1 letter symbol – The code is usually the first three-letters of the trivial name – Exceptions: asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), isoleucine (Ile), & tryptophan (Trp)

Peptide Bond

Amino Acids & Proteins • Short amino acid polymers – – – 2 residues -- dipeptide 3 residues – tripeptide 6 residues -- hexapeptide 12 - 20 residues -- oligopeptide Many residues – polypeptide Functional -- protein

Protein

Primary Structure

Primary structure determine folding

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Proteins • One or more polypeptide chains – Monomer, dimer, trimer, oligomer, multimer – Homodimer, heterodimer, homotrimer, etc. • Subunits often designated as , ,

Amino Acids & Proteins

Disulfide Bonds

Amino Acids & Proteins

Quaternary Structure Fibrous proteins

Quaternary Structure Globular proteins

Carbohydrates – Cn(H 2 O)n

Carbohydrates – Cn(H 2 O)n 3 carbons -- triose 4 carbons – tetrose 5 carbons -- pentose 6 carbons -- tetrose

Carbohydrates – Cn(H 2 O)n 2 monosaccharides - disaccharide 3 monosaccharides trisaccharide several monosaccharides - oligosaccharide many monosaccharides - polysaccharide