Macromolecules Macromolecules Large organic molecules POLYMER Made up

Macromolecules

Macromolecules • Large organic molecules (POLYMER) • Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS • Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Carbohydrates • Small to large sugars molecules • Examples: A. monosaccharide: one sugar B. disaccharide: 2 sugars C. polysaccharide: many sugars

MONOSACCHARIDE One sugar DISACCHARIDE 2 sugar POLYSACCHARIDE Many sugars glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose EXAMPLES: Glucose Ribose Deoxyribose Sucrose Lactose Maltose Starch (bread, potatoes Glycogen (beef muscle) Cellulose (plant cell walls)

Lipids • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water (HYDROPHOBIC) • Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fats Phospholipids Oils Waxes Steroid hormones Triglycerides

Lipids functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Cell membranes (phospholipids)

Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids H-C----O H glycerol = H-C----O O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O fatty acids C-CH 2 -CH =C H-C H 2 C H = H-C----O O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = H 3

Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) = unsaturated O C-CH 2 -CH=CH -CH 2 -C H 2 C H 3

Proteins (Polypeptides) Monomer: Made up of amino acids (AA) • Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: 2. Transport: 3. Regulatory: 4. Movement: 5. Structural: 6. Enzymes:

Nucleic acids • Two types: a. DNA b. RNA Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides (MONOMER)

Nucleotide Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH 2 O N C 1 C 4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C 3 C 2 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)