Macromolecules Macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Macromolecules

Macromolecules

Macromolecules �Carbohydrates �Proteins �Lipids �Nucleic acids

Macromolecules �Giant molecule ◦ Made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules.

◦ Formed by a process known as polymerization �Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. �Monomers joined together to form polymers

Carbohydrates � List examples of foods that contain carbohydrates � Function of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates �Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen � 1: 2: 1 ratio

Carbohydrates �Carbohydrates provide living things their main energy source.

Monosaccharide �Simple sugar ◦ Glucose ◦ Fructose ◦ Galactose

Monosaccharides

Disaccharide �Simple sugar ◦Sucrose (table sugar)

Polysaccharide � Complex carbohydrate ◦ Many animals store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide �Glycogen (stored in your liver and muscle)

Polysaccharide � Plants store their polysaccharide in the form of starch

Polysaccharide � Cellulose ◦ Tough and flexible fibers give plants much of their strength and rigidity �Major component of wood and paper.

Food & Nutrients p. 971 -976 � Food: energy and body functions, Calorie=heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. (1 Tbs, 1 o. F), 2200 female, 2800 male, balanced diet � Nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals. Most important, chemical reactions take place in water. 1 liter per day � Carbohydrates: energy, sugar=fast energy, starch=slow energy, fiber=not digested � Fats: Need essential fatty acids, some vitamins are fat soluble, store energy, saturated=solid=bad, unsaturated=liquid=good, health risk � Proteins: growth/repair, control chemical reactions, amino acids, essential amino acids � Vitamins and Minerals: help chemical reactions, vitamins organic, minerals inorganic, not for energy, build body � Water: structures

Are your CELLS properly Fueled?

What is it? Rice Bread Carrots Soda Pizza Banana Burger

What we will be looking at… � Carbohydrates- ◦ Saccharides energy for cells �Mono=simple �Poly= starch and glycogen, Cellulose � Proteins-biological ◦ Peptide function �Support, enzymes, movement, hormones � Fats- insulations and cell membranes ◦ Lipids

Carbs � Objective: understand the structure and function of carbs (know the 3 different types of saccarhides and where they are found. ) � Carbohydrate � Lab reports � Movie (Nova)

Carbohydrates Common Name Foods Function in body Monomer (Building blocks) Simple Polymer Complex Elements Shape Calories per Gram Other Facts saccharide (derived from the Greek sakchar, meaning sugar or sweetness

Glucose vs. Fructose

Carbohydrates Common Name Foods Function in body Monomer (Building blocks) Simple Polymer Complex Elements Shape Calories per Gram Other Facts saccharide (derived from the Greek sakchar, meaning sugar or sweetness

Lab Reports Question: Hypothesis: Materials: Procedure: Data: Results/Analysis: Conclusion: Title

Carbs- lab � Objective: For students to known that different food contain different types of saccharide, Complex vs simple � All sugars not created equal

Review � Mono

Review � Poly

LAB � ALL SUGARS NOT EQUAL LAB

Proteins � Objective: For students to understand that proteins are broken down into Amino acids then put together to form new proteins in the body � Proteins notes � Testing for proteins

Protein Common Name Foods Function in body Monomer (Building Block) Elements Shape Calories per Gram Other Facts

Antibodies - are specialized proteins involved in defending the body from antigens (foreign invaders). Contractile Proteins - are responsible for movement. Enzymes - are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions. referred to as catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions. Hormonal Proteins - are messenger proteins which help to coordinate certain bodily activities Structural Proteins - are fibrous and stringy and provide support. Receptor Proteins- receives specific chemical signals from neighboring cells, allows thing in and out of cells Storage Proteins - store amino acids. Transport Proteins - are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another around the body.

Protein Common Name Foods Function in body Monomer (Building Block) Elements Shape Calories per Gram Other Facts

Protein Common Name Foods Function in body Monomer (Building Block) Elements Shape Calories per Gram Other Facts

Protein Nutrition Facts • Complete Protein – All amino acids (animals) • Incomplete – Lack essential amino acids (plants) • Animal and plant proteins same effect on body – Pay attention what comes with the protein • Fat or fiber

Protein test � GOGGLES MUST BE ON AT ALL TIMES

Summary � Cannot just eat a specific protein to have more in the body. Has to break down into AA then rebuild into a new protein.

Lipids � Objective: Understand the structure and function of lipids. � Notes � Obesity Discussion

Lipids Common Name Foods Function in body Elements Shape (Triglycerides, phospholipids) Glycerol Fatty acid Calories per Gram Other Facts Saturated, unsaturated,

Bad vs Good Fats � Saturated � Un-saturated

Lipid Nutrition facts • Type is what matters – Bad • Saturated – Animal fats » We make all we need • Tans – Processed foods, fats food » Hydrogenated – Good • Unsaturated – Mono-, poly– Improve health » Nuts, vegetable oil, seeds

OBESITY � WHAT IS IT…. . Obesity means having too much body fat. It is not the same as being overweight, which means weighing too much. Cause Obesity is influenced by many other factors, also, including your family history, mental state, the type of work you do, your race, and your environment Prevention More calories out then in. Healthy eating. Being mentally and physically healthy.

Research project � Objective: For students to relate the information they have learned about different macromolecule and nutrients that our body needs to every day illnesses. � Apply class information to familiar illnesses

Food, Nutrition, Health � � � Proteins/fats/carbohydrates Protein-energy malnutrition ◦ Kwashiorkor ◦ Marasmus ◦ Mental retardation[2] [edit] Dietary vitamins and minerals Calcium ◦ Osteoporosis ◦ Rickets ◦ Tetany Iodine deficiency ◦ Goiter Selenium deficiency ◦ Keshan disease � Eatting disorders � � � � � Iron deficiency ◦ Iron deficiency anemia Zinc ◦ Growth retardation Thiamine (Vitamin B 1) ◦ Beriberi Niacin (Vitamin B 3) ◦ Pellagra Vitamin C ◦ Scurvy Vitamin D ◦ Osteoporosis ◦ Rickets Obesity Heart Disease Diabetes

Monomers and Polymers of Biomolecules Biomolecule p. 45 -47 Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Elements Monomer Polymer

Cell membrane lab � Wax paper tooth pick

Cell membrane • Casing for cells – Function – Properties Marker proteins • • Semi-perm – Equalimbrium Channels vitiamns Proteins in by layers – tranip

Phosolipid � Hydrophilic- Head � Hydrophobic - ◦ Water Loveing ◦ Polar Water soluble ◦ Try to avoid water ◦ Non-polar (insoluble)

Bilayer

Semi permeable

Transport

This or that

Macromolecules � Monomer: 1 piece � Polymer: Many pieces

Biomolecules p. 45 -47 Biomolecule Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid Protein Elements Monomer Polymer

Monosaccharide Polysaccharides Nucleotide DNA Amino Acid Protein Glycerol & Fatty Acid Chains Lipid