MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Molecules which contain both

MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon. Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall. ) MONOMERS Join together to form a POLYMER These large molecules are called macromolecules: Nucleic Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Acids

BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW… • • Carbon can make ____ bonds. Oxygen can make ____ bonds. Hydrogen can make ____ bond. Nitrogen can make ____ bonds.

DRAWING STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Carbon is usually in the middle (Carbon Backbone) • Each line you draw is a single bond and represents the sharing of two electrons CH 4 (methane) C 3 H 8 (propane) CHCl 3 (chlorophorm) CH 3 OH (methanol) C 5 H 11 OH (pentanol) CH 4 N (methylamide)

NUTRIENTS Nutrients are needed by all organisms for building blocks energy and 2. _______ 1. _____ There are two types of nutrients: Micronutrients Macronutrients Vitamins Carbohydrates Lipids (fats) Proteins Water Minerals

CARBOHYDRATES • Sugars and starches are the main source which come from plants. • Main Function: Provide Energy • Contain the elements C, H, and O. Monosaccharides Simple Sugars Disaccharides Types of Carbohydrates Complex Sugars Polysaccharides

SIMPLE SUGAR (SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES) Monosaccharide: • “saccharide” means sugar • prefix “mono” = one monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule e. g. Glucose straight chain ring form

SIMPLE SUGARS Glucose Galactose Fructose Eg. Honey Eg. Milk Eg. Fruit The molecules are not flat. They are just drawn like that to make it easier to understand. In reality, they are 3 -D structures.

MONOSACCHARIDES JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER MOLECULES Condensation Reaction: Two molecules join together with the loss of a water molecule. The bond created between two sugars is called a Glycosidic Linkage.

SIMPLE SUGAR (SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES) Disaccharide: • “saccharide” means sugar • “di” means two. Therefore, Disaccharide = two sugars. • single sugars combine to form double sugars Glucose + Glucose Maltose Eg. Beer Glucose + Galactose Lactose Eg. Milk Glucose + Fructose Sucrose Eg. Table Sugar

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides • prefix “poly” means many: polysaccharides have many sugars Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell) because _____________________. starch Plants change glucose into ____ and use it for energy storage glycogen while animals store it as_____ in the liver. Plants also contain cellulose ____, a structural component of cell membranes. All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into monosaccharides (like glucose) _____________ before entering the blood stream.

POLYSACCHARIDES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUGARS. Hydrolysis Reaction: Opposite of Condenation. The addition of water to separate two molecules.

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates: Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units 1. monosaccharide 1 Examples Food Source Specific Function Nutrient Test glucose honey • direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells Benedict’s changes blue orange/red when heated fructose fruit • same as above

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units 2. disaccharide 2 Examples Food Source Specific Function sucrose table sugar • enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars) lactose dairy products • monosaccharides for energy Nutrient Test Benedict’s turns blue green/orange when heated

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates 3. polysaccharide Diagram Examples and Number of Units 1000 s Food Source Specific direct fuel Nutrient Test for the mitochondria in cells Function ’s . . 1000 starch grains potatoes rice • digested into 1000 s of monosaccharides for energy • how plants store energy glycogen liver muscle • how animals store energy cellulose cell walls celery • tough, insoluble • no enzyme to break it down • provides roughage to keep you regular Iodine changes to dark blue (looks black)