MACROMOLECULES a k a BioMolecules a k a

MACROMOLECULES a. k. a. Bio-Molecules a. k. a. Organic Molecules A car isn’t one single thing. It’s made from combining numerous parts that work together. Often, those parts are made of even smaller parts.

Macromolecules Organisms are similar except they are made of very specialized parts, organic parts. There are numerous parts but there are 4 special ones that are common to all life. 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids These are the 4 major classes of macromolecules that you are going to be required to know; both structures and functions.

Objectives Macromolecules Identify what are the chemicals of life made from. Identify why carbon can be the basis of so many types of bio-molecules. Identify the structures of the subunits that form the macromolecules. Describe the relationship between monomers and polymers. Restate 3 major functions of carbohydrates in cells. Identify what determines the function of proteins. Describe 2 functions of lipids. Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a cell. Vocabulary Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Amino acid Nucleic acid Nucleotide DNA RNA ATP

• Review: Ionic Bonding = Swapping e. Ionic Bonding • Atoms can sometimes achieve a stable valence level by losing or gaining electrons. • When this happens, the charge of the atom changes slightly and an ion is formed. • An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge because it has gained or lost electrons. Opposite charges attract. • The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is an ionic bond. •

• How Do You Show the Bonds? • Ionic Bohr Model Or… Lewis Structure

• Lewis Dot Structures Shows only the electrons that participate in bonding.

• Review: Covalent Bonds = Sharing e. Covalent Bonding • One way that atoms bond is by sharing valence electrons to form a covalent bond. • A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. • A water molecule, H 2 O, forms when an oxygen atom forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.

• How Do You Show the Bonds? • Covalent Bohr Model Or… Lewis Structure

• Hydrogen Bonding • A hydrogen bond is a bond that forms between the positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and the negative pole of another molecule. Represented as dashed lines. We will see these again…

Why We Study Macromolecules are necessary to study for several important reasons. 1. They allow life to persist and thrive. 2. All organisms are made of all the same basic stuff put together in a million different ways. How do you get these in your body? You consume all of these when you eat other organisms and stuff made from other organisms.

Reading & Research You will work together in your assigned groups to explore the features of macromolecules first. You will need to read through everything together, answer all questions, and complete all drawings for a complete introduction. Once I verify you’ve finished, you will keep the 8 -page packet in your notebooks. You will get credit for the packet and answers when you complete and turn in the “Final Questions” (I will give after you are done with the packet) on Tuesday. Q: Can I just turn in the answers & get credit? A: No. If you fail to complete the packet you will not only not get credit for the assignment but also be WAY behind… Do it.

Macromolecule Group Work Get into groups. Have your packet, the “Final Questions” WS & something to write with. We will cover CARBOHYDRATES & PROTEINS today. We will cover LIPIDS & NUCLEIC ACIDS tomorrow. Your “Final Questions” WS is due on Block day.

Building Blocks of Cells You know that all living things are made of cells. The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex molecules, often called macromolecules. These are also known as organic compounds or carbon compounds. Large, complex macromolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in an extremely precise way. The basic atomic subunit of most macromolecules contain atoms of carbon.

Carbon Bonding Carbon: What number is it on the periodic table? What major column does carbon fall under? How many bonds can carbon then form? Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with as many as four other atoms. It can form three major types of bonds. C-C …Single carbon to carbon C=C … Double C≡C … Triple Sorry, no quadruple bonds…

Constructing the Macromolecules Co va Bo lent nd due to its flexibility, bonds with other elements to form the basic subunits called monomers of the larger, more complex macromolecules, called polymers. Co va Bo lent nd Carbon, POLYMER/Macromolecule You need to know specifically: Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis = Water is formed when subunits bond. Hydrolysis = Water is split to break down polymers.

HOW THE POLYMERS ARE FORMED = DEHYDRATION (condensation) SYNTHESIS. Water is formed when the monomers covalently bond. Water is released in a condensation reaction that forms this disaccharide Energy Stored

Energy Released Water is split in a hydrolysis reaction that forms 2 monosaccharides and releases energy. HOW MACROMOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN = HYDROLYSIS Stored Energy

Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysis simplified.

1 st Macromolecule: Carbohydrates are molecules made of one or more simple sugars subunits. A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in It’s abbreviated CHO a ratio of 1: 2: 1. It’s formula is C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose is a common sugar found everywhere in nature.

Carbohydrates: Structure Glucose is a monosaccharide, or “single sugar. ” So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide. Sucrose, & lactose Many monosaccharide subunits can be linked to make a polysaccharide (= “many sugars”) Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple carbohydrates or simple sugars. Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates: Functions Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans. It is used specifically to make ATP in mitochondria. Sugar Used to make ATP

Carbohydrates: Structural Support Chitin and cellulose are complex carbohydrates that provide (structural) support. Similar to the frame of a house. Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells of arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs & such) and the cell walls of mushrooms. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants. This helps them stand straight up.

Carbohydrates: Identification In a complex organism, cells recognize neighboring cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar units on their outer surface.

Complex Carbs in Food

Simple Carbs

Summary: Carbohydrates are known as sugars or starches, depending on the number of monomers in the molecule The subunit for carbohydrates is a simple sugar (like glucose) Carbohydrates are known for being quick energy sources but also can be used for structure & cellular identification.

Proteins are chains of amino acids subunits. The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do. There are thousands of proteins that perform many types of functions. Structure Support Movement Communication Transportation And carrying out chemical reactions

Amino Acids Amino acids are the subunits, the building blocks, of proteins. 20 different ones are bonded together in millions of ways to create the millions of proteins that exist.

Amino Acids acids have three distinct areas. The amino group The carboxyl group The R group, which 20 different options Carboxyl group Amino group R group

Proteins, A protein is a molecule made up of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Proteins are called polypeptides. Poly = many Peptide = amino acid subunits.

Proteins in Food

Summary Proteins Subunit of proteins is the amino acid (there are 20 of them that we use in our bodies) There are many functions of proteins, including support, transportation, immune system, movement, cellular communication.

Lipids are another class of biomolecules, which includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates. Look consist of chains of carbon at all atoms bonded to each other andenerg that y! to hydrogen atoms. This structure makes lipids non-polar so they repel water. Lipids Is water polar or non-polar? Lipids separate from water and don’t dissolve in it. Lipids will dissolve in other lipids, however. This gives the term “fat soluble”

Lipid: Subunit Fatty Acid: Carbon chain surrounded by hydrogen. (Attached to a carboxyl, making it an acid)

Fatty acids Fat subunits are fatty acids, and are often called as such Trans (cis) “transfat” Saturated No bends or double carbon bonds Unsaturated. Contains one or more c=c bonds Saturated fats are dangerous because of how close they can stack together in your blood vessels. Because of the carbon-hydrogen bonds, lipids are also called hydrocarbons. These are used for energy and lubrication. Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.

Lipids: Functions Lipids are non-polar & they can help control water. It’s the main component of body fat but the cell’s outer membrane is made of phospholipids. The structure of cell membranes depends on how phospholipids interact with water. Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, “waterproof” to help prevent evaporation of water from the cells of the organism.

Li-pids in the Membrane Phospholipids Phosphate head Fatty acid tail Cholesterol Glycolipids

Phospholipids The only reason why cells can form is because of the properties of phospholipids. THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. Hydrophilic heads “love” water and always point to it. Hydrophobic tails “hate” water and always point away from it.

Lipids: The Foundation for Hormones. Lipids also serve as the foundation for hormones. Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They signal other cells to do important jobs. Examples: Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen HGH Insulin Adrenaline

Lipids in Food

Nucleic Acids: Function & Subunits Nucleic acids are the molecules that contain the hereditary information (directions for making traits) found in only living organisms. A A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide subunits. nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.

Nucleotide: The Subunit of Nucleic Acids

DNA vs RNA Structure Ribo. Nucleic Is Acid = RNA missing one of the oxygen atom Deoxyribo. Nucleic Acid = DNA Has two oxygen molecules on the sugar

Nucleic Acids, Hereditary Information DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life. DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other. Similar to a spiral staircase. DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the information. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

Nucleic Acids: Made of many individual nucleotides

Nucleic Acids, ATP Energy Carriers Some single nucleotides have important roles. Adenosine of cells. It’s other triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy currency is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups. Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group. Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for other life processes.

Hydrolysis of ATP to produce ENERGY

Closure What Any Get did you learn today? questions? your packets checked and have Final Questions complete by tomorrow.

Have you seen one of these? This label has all kinds of important information. There are fats, sugars, proteins, vitamins, etc. These Nutrition Facts labels help you decide if you are getting the appropriate quantities in each meal.

UDA Recommended Daily Allowance .

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Nucleic Acids Proteins Fats

Achieving Balance. You can find hundreds of example diets all describing various ways to be most healthy. Vegan Atkins High protein. As the graphic suggests, we need a balanced diet, representing all the organic molecules you’ll learn about today. The closer you get to balance, the better off your health will be.

Macromolecule Practice Complete the “Cereal Nutrition Label Analysis” Lab (50 pts Lab).

Macromolecule Practice Complete the “Building Macromolecules” packet by Friday (50 pts Lab). Have this “Macromolecules in Food” packet by Friday. (40 pts/ Lab)

Review for Quiz Atoms Structure Subatomic particle properties How to use the periodic table to find (e-, p+, n, ve-, rings) Types of bonds Covalent (define, how they form, and give examples) Ionic (“”) Hydrogen (“”) There relative strengths (which is strongest/weakest) Macromolecules 4 major classes Their functions Their subunits (names & structures, like what was on the warm up) How they form Review Macromolecule ppt.

Questions? I have several for you & your group. Go to your group tables. Pair up and get a wipe board and a wipe board marker.

What structure is this? Water You should know it by its shape but in case you didn’t before, now you do!

Is water polar or non-polar? Polar How do you know? If you split it in half the electrons are not shared equally. Why is this important? Pa rt It allows water to interact with ia lly other polar substances, including itself. Pa rt ia lly +

Is carbon dioxide polar or nonpolar? Non-polar How do you know? If you split it in half the electrons are shared equally. Why is this important? This won’t interact with water or other polar molecules the same. - - - - -

What type of bond is illustrated between 2 water molecules? Hydrogen Bonds Why are these important? They allow all other properties of water to exist.

What are the 4 macromolecules? 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

What is this macromolecule? Sugar or carbohydrates. Name 2 functions of carbohydrates Energy, structures (like shells and plant stalks), identification. Where is it found in the body? Stored in the liver, floating in blood, on surface markers of cells…

What is this macromolecule? Lipids or fats. Name 1 function of fats. Energy storage. Where is it found in our body? Fatty tissue and cell walls.

What is this molecule? Amino acid It is a subunit of what macromolecule? Proteins Amino acids are held together by what type of bond? Covalent, specifically, peptide Proteins are found where in the body? Muscles, enzymes, in the blood, all over really.

What is this macromolecule? Nucleic acid… specifically a nucleotide of DNA What is the building block of nucleic acids? Nucleotides What do nucleic acids do? Store hereditary information… the directions for life. What is ATP The energy currency in cells.

What is this structure? Cell Membrane

What does this structure do? Protect the inside of the cell from the outside and regulate what goes in and out.

Name 2 of the macromolecules that appear in the structure below.

Name the function that these 2 macromolecules perform in the cell/membrane. Sugar = Identification Lipids = the lipid bilayer Proteins = Enzymes, channels for water, Nucleic acids = ATP give energy, DNA & RNA hold hereditary information

Name one thing you can eat that contains each macromolecule Carbohydrates Sugar, plants, Lipids Meat, dairy, butter, oils Proteins Meat, Nucleic The dairy, beans, Acids building blocks are in anything that is or once was living… gross.

What is a monomer and how do they make polymers? Co va Bo lent nd are large molecules built from bonding individual monomers together. Co va Bo lent nd Polymers POLYMER/Macromolecule Polymer = macromolecules Monomer = subunit

Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysis simplified. The reaction that creates the macromolecules. The reaction that breaks down the macromolecules.

What are the subunit monomer for each macromolecule polymer?

Summary Cells are constructed with and contain smaller, independent organic molecules composed of carbon atoms bonded with other elements, forming unique subunits. There are 4 classes of organic molecules. Each have unique properties and uses. We create ourselves by in taking these molecules in the foods we eat, deconstructing them, then reassembling them…metabolism Health is achieved by acquiring the right numbers of these. The right numbers is determined by eating a balanced diet. For homework, get a nutrition label for a food you eat commonly and bring it in tomorrow.

Summary Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an extremely precise way. Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification. The main functions of lipids include storing energy and controlling water movement

Summary, continued Proteins are chains of amino acids that twist and fold into shapes that determine what the protein does. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.