Macromolecules 1 TopicDo Topic Macromolecule Do Take down

Macromolecules 1

Topic/Do Topic: Macromolecule Do: Take down Cornell Notes. Write a 2 paragraph summary (10 sentences) of your understanding of the lesson. 2

Look Up! You’ll Never Know What You’ll Learn 3

Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic • Macromolecules are large organic molecules 4

Carbon (C) • Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. • Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). • Usually with C, H, O or N. N • Example: CH 4(methane) 5

Macromolecules • • • Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS Made up of smaller units, “building blocks” called MONOMERS • Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 6

Carbohydrates 7

Carbohydrates • Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules • Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide 8

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: • glucose (C ( 6 H 12 O 6) • deoxyribose • Fructose • Galactose 9

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose) – Lactose (glucose+galactose) – Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose 10

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, glucose corn) cellulose glucose 11

Lipids 12

Lipids • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water • Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents • Hydrophilic – water-loving • Hydrophobic – water-fearing • Remember: “stores the most energy” • Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides 13

Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) 14

Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (Looks like a letter “E”) H = O H-C----O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O fatty acids H-C----O C-CH -CH = 2 2 2 CH -CH H 2 -C H 2 C Hglycerol 2 C H = = 3 15

Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: = 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) O saturated C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O unsaturated C-CH 2 -CH=CH -CH 2 -C H 2 C H 3 16

Proteins 17

Proteins (Polypeptides) • Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). polypeptides • Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions 18

Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) – DRAW the structure below. Amino Acids (aa) aa 1 aa 2 aa 3 aa 4 aa 5 aa 6 Peptide Bonds 19

Nucleic Acids 20

Nucleic acids • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis 21

Nucleic acids • Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5 -carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) 22

Nucleotide – DRAW the structure below. Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH 2 O C 1 C 4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C 3 N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) C 2 23

DNA double helix O 5 3 3 P 5 O O 1 4 3 1 5 O 5 P 2 4 2 3 P C G P 5 O 3 T A P 3 O 5 P 24

RNA – Ribonucleic Acid • helps the DNA in protein synthesis. 25

The End Write a 2 -paragraph summary (10 sentences) of your understanding of the topic. You are THE BEST! 26