Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON

Macromolecules 1

Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic – Macromolecules are large organic molecules • Inorganic does NOT contain Carbon! – H 2 O (water), Na. Cl (salt), O 2 (oxygen) 2

Carbon (C) • Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. • Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). • CHNOPS = most abundant elements! • Example: CH 4(methane) 3

Macromolecules • Large organic molecules. – Also called POLYMERS • Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS • Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 4

Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale 5

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis • Also called “condensation reaction” • Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water” (dehydrate) HO H H 2 O HO H 6

Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? 7

Answer: Hydrolysis • Separates monomers by “adding water” (hydrolyze) HO H H 2 O HO H copyright cmassengale HO H 8

Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale 9

Carbohydrates • Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules • Often end in “–ose” –ose • 3 Types: A. monosaccharide (1 unit) B. disaccharide (2 units) C. polysaccharide (many units) 10

Carbohydrates Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monomer: saccharide Function: provides energy for cells Examples: pasta, starch, bread, corn, rice 11

Structure of Carbohydrate You may see it as a ring or in a chain…same thing! 12

You Try… Draw the structure of glucose or fructose from previous slide. How will you remember? What are the key features of carbs? 13

Lipids 14

Lipids • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water 15

Lipids Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monomer: fatty acid Functions: next slide…stay tuned! Examples: fats, grease, sweets, too much meat, oil, wax, steroids 16

Lipids Four functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection: against heat loss (insulation) physical shock water loss 3. Chemical messengers (hormones) 4. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) 17

Structure of Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids H = O H-C----O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O fatty acids H-C----O C-CH -CH = 2 2 2 CH -CH H 2 -C H 2 C Hglycerol 2 C H = = 3 18

Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: = 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) O saturated C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O unsaturated C-CH 2 -CH=CH -CH copyright cmassengale 2 -C H 2 C H 3 19

You Try… Draw the structure of a lipid. How will you remember? What are the key features of lipids? 20

Proteins 21

Proteins Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes sulfur Monomer: amino acid (20 different AA’s) Functions: storage, transport, regulatory processes, movement, structure, enzymes Examples: cheese, beans, eggs, seafood, and chicken 22

Structure of Proteins 3 Parts (1) Amino Group (-NH 2) (2) R-Group (varies) (3) Carboxyl Group (-COOH) 23

You Try… Draw the structure of a protein. How will you remember? What are the key features of proteins? 24

Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure 25

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Nucleic Acids 27

Nucleic acids • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 28

Nucleic Acid Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous Monomer: nucleotides Functions: instructions for life Examples: DNA and RNA Foods that contain Nucleic Acids: Onions, spinach, eggs 29

Nucleic acids • Nucleotides include: phosphate group 5 -carbon sugar nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) 30

Structure of a Nucleic Acid 1. Phosphate Group Base P 2. Sugar (deoxyribose) 5 -Carbon Sugar 3. Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) 31

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You Try… Draw the structure of a nucleic acid. How will you remember? What are the key features of nucleic acids? 33

Indicator Macromolecules Negative Test (-) Positive Test (+) Benedict’s Simple Carbs Blue Orange Lugol’s/Iodine Complex Carbs Yellow-Brown Black Biuret Proteins Blue Violet, Black Sudan IV Lipids Dark Reddish-Orange