Macromolecule Notes Macromolecules Proteins Lipids Polysaccharides Carbohydrates Nucleic
Macromolecule Notes
Macromolecules § § Proteins Lipids Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates) Nucleic Acids
Monomer § Single building block for a macromolecule
Proteins (Polypeptides) § Monomer: Amino Acids (A. A) § Compound in your body with nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen § 20 essential amino acids in your body § Linked by a peptide bond § Has amine group (NH 2)
Here are some Examples § § § Beef Hair Eggs Hemoglobin (Blood component) Insulin (Lacking in diabetics to process sugar) § In muscles
Lipids (Fats) Monomer: Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Cont… § Saturated Fats – All single bonds in the fatty acids – Bad for you: the bonds allow fats to clump and clog arteries § Unsaturated Fats – Double bonds in the fatty acids Examples: Butter (sat. ), Oil (unsat. ), Cholesterol (sat. )
Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates) § Monomer: Monosaccharides (Sugars) Usually glucose (Six sided sugar)
Cont… § Examples: – Bread – Cereal – Potatoes – Fruits (Fructose) – Pasta
Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) § Monomer: Nucleotide (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)
DNA VS. RNA
More 411 on DNA and RNA § DNA – – – Sugar= Deoxyribose Double Helix Stays in Nucleus A, T, C, G A+T, C+G § RNA – – – Sugar= Ribose Single Strand Genetic Messenger- moves around the cell A, U, C, G A+U, C+G
Relating to the Cell § § § Energy Structure/Support Cell-Cell Communication
Carbohydrates § 1)Monosaccharides – Made during photosynthesis – Energy source § Glucose § Fructose (Fruit Sugar) § Galactose (Milk Sugar)
Cont… § 2) Disaccharides – Combinations of monosaccharides – Energy Source – Examples § Glucose + Glucose= Maltose § Glucose + Galactose= Lactose § Glucose + Fructose= Sucrose
Cont… § 3) Polysaccharides – Combinations of mono- and disaccharides – Energy storage § Starch in Plants § Glycogen in animals – Structural Support § Cellulose in plants: Cell Wall § Chitin in animals: Exoskeleton
Cont… § Cell-Cell communication/recognition/adhesion – Glycolipids – Glycoproteins Found in cell membrane
FATS and the Cell § All fats are hydrophobic (water hating) § 3 types – Triglycerols – Phospholipids – Steroids
Triglycerols § 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids – Energy storage – Cushions/Insulates body/nerves – Examples: Fats/Oils
Phospholipids § 1 Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group (hydrophilic) § Make up phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane
STEROIDS § VERY hydrophobic § Help maintain membrane fluidity (Cholesterol) § Sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
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