Lynn Della Grotta Spring 2013 Biomaterials Pertinent Physiology

Lynn Della Grotta Spring 2013 Biomaterials

Pertinent Physiology • Urethra • Prostate gland – Surrounds urethra – Secretes fluid that mixes with sperm to make semen http: //www. umm. edu/graphics/images/en/10053. jpg

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) • Benign (non-cancerous) cell growth of prostate – Growth of microscopic nodules – Hormonal changes: DHT(dihydrotestosterone): stimulates cell growth in prostate lining(glandular epithelium) during puberty Estrogen: testosterone decreases as male ages, higher ratio of estrogen levels – Late cell growth activation • presses on and can block urethra http: //www. neotract. com/forpatients_ous-q 10085 -c 10048 -BPH_Overview. aspx

Symptoms of BPH • • Frequent urination Weak/slow stream Delay/Difficulty in beginning urination Urinary stream that starts and stops Painful or burning sensation with urination Feeling that bladder has not completely emptied Urgent need to urinate and difficulty postponing urination • *Size of prostate enlargement is not correlated to the severity of the symptoms • May have BPH with few or no symptoms • Symptoms collectively known as LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Scope • • 40% of men in 50 s 70% of men in 60 s 80 -90% of men >70 years old ~33% of men with BPH have symptoms that disrupt their lifestyle • Risk factors: age, family history, obesity, high blood pressure, low levels of HDL cholesterol, diabetes, peripheral artery disease

Treatment Options • If mild symptoms- monitor – Limit alcohol, caffeine, excessive fluid intake – Pelvic floor muscle training – Avoid antihistamines, decongestants, and diuretics • If treatment deemed necessary: – Medications: • Alpha blockers • 5 -alpha-reductase inhibitors • combination – Surgery: • Transurethral Resection of Protstate (TURP) • Thermotherapies: Laser Resection of the Prostate, TUMT • Uro. Lift

5 -Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors • Finasteride (Proscar) • dutasteride (Avodart) Side Effects: – Erectile dysfunction – Lowered libido – Decreased semen during ejaculation Alpha Blockers • Selective: • Nonselective: – tamsulosin(Flomax) –terazosin (Hytrin) – alfusozin (Uroxatral) –doxazosin (Cardura) – silodosin(Rapaflo) • Blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT Side Effects: – – Hypotension, headache Stuffy, runny nose Decreased ejaculate intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS)- selective • Relax smooth muscles (bladder, urethra neck, prostate) • Better with significant prostate • Often first line of treatment enlargement • Benefits in days/week • Increase urinary flow, shrink prostate • Continuous dosage needed • Improve urine flow, but don’t • 6 -12 months before full benefits; shrink prostate continuous use

Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) – Resectoscope inserted into urethra through penis and trim away excess prostate tissue – Spinal or general anesthesia – 4 -6 weeks recovery (1 -2 days in hospital); catheter for 4 -7 days – Complications: heavy bleeding, erectile dysfunction, UTI – Additional procedures 5 -10 years later – Gold standard in surgery for treating BPH

Thermotherapies • Laser Resection of the Prostate – Visual scope and laser inserted into urethra through penis; prostate tissue removed – Risks: UTI, retrograde ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, narrowing of urethra(scar tissue formation) • Transurethral Microwave Therapy (TUMT) – Outpatient procedure: small microwave antenna inserted into urethra up to prostate. Microwaves heat up and destroy tissue. – Risks: damage to genitals, UTI, retrograde ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, narrowing of urethra, need for retreatment

Why Uro. Lift? • Medications are usually tried before Uro. Lift considered • Over 25% of patients on medications discontinue use because of side effects or inadequate effectiveness – Medication are short term treatments • Only 2. 7% of BPH patients elect for surgery – Complications: sexual function – Invasive, risks • Uro. Lift – When medications aren’t effective or too many side effects and want less invasive surgery – Preserves sexual function – Less invasive, less risks – Quicker symptomatic relief – Prostate less than 100 cc

Uro. Lift Device • Implant: – Nitinol capsular tab – Stainless steel urethral end piece – Size 0 polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) nonabsorbable monofilament http: //www. neotract. com/formedicalprofessionals_ous-q 10100 -c 10095 -Uro. Lift_Devices. aspx • In post-market study in U. S. ; available for use in Canada, Europe, and Australia

Uro. Lift Procedures http: //www. neotract. com/formedicalprofessionals_ous-q 10095 -c 10049 -Uro. Lift_System. aspx • • Local, general, or spinal anesthesia Cystoscopy: telescope inserted into rigid sheath of Uro. Lift system; advanced through urethra up to bladder Telescope replaced with Uro. Lift delivery device place device at targeted area of obstruction, unlock needle safety lock, depress trigger to fire spring-loaded 19 gauge needle, retract needle to leave a tab on prostate capsule attached to polyester filament, depress release button to install urethral end piece – Each implant length is tailored to the various prostates and prostate locations No contact with lateral lobes until ready to deploy implant; compress lobe before deploying implant Number of implants determined by surgeon Most critical target area is that of the urethra just distal to the bladder neck movie: http: //www. neotract. com/formedicalprofessionals_ous-q 10096 -c 10095 Animation. aspx

Recovery Protocols • Specifics decided by surgeon • No extreme exercise and no sexual activity for 2 weeks • Sometimes catheterization needed: on average about 1. 5 days • Refrain from alcohol after surgery • Report any fever to physician • Can climb stairs, go to bathroom

Expected Improvements • Symptomatic improvement within 1 day or 2; return to normalcy within 1 week • 40% mean improvement in IPSS(International Prostate Symptom Score) and urinary flow at 2 years • 48% improvement in Qo. L(Quality of Life) score at 1 year • No reports of erectile dysfunction or retrograde ejaculation • Improvements are comparable to the TURP surgery Pre-Procedure Post-Procedure http: //www. neotract. com/formedicalprofessionals_ous-q 10095 -c 10049 -Uro. Lift_System. aspx

Expected Complications • Most common adverse events: dysuria, hematuria, and frequency – Typically resolved in 2 weeks • In 64 man study, reported serious events: Urinary retention(3), epididymo-orchitis(1), rigors(1), myocardial infarction(1) – Resolved with standard treatment

Cost and Insurance • United Kingdom: – Consultation: £ 210. 00 ($315) – Self-Pay: Surgery(surgeon’s fee, hospital fee, anaesthetist fee, follow-up consultation): £ 7, 000 ($10, 500) – Insurance(Code M 7080): £ 575 ($863) for surgeon and £ 240 ($360) for anaesthetist According to Bristol Urology

References • • Barkin, Jack. “Uro. Lift System for Relief of Prostate Obstruction Under Local Anesthesia”. The Canadian Journal of Urology. April 2012. Web. 27 April 2013. <http: //www. canjurol. com/html/freearticles/V 19 I 2 -17_Dr. Barkin. pdf>. “Prostate Laser Surgery”. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 22 July 2011. Web. 23 April 2013. <http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/prostate-lasersurgery/MY 00611/DSECTION=why%2 Dits%2 Ddone>. Simon, Harvey. “Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia”. University of Maryland Medical Center. UMMC, 8 July 2009. Web. 22 April 2013. <http: //www. easybib. com/reference/guide/mla/website>. “Transurethral Microwave Therapy (TUMT)”. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 11 May 2011. Web. 23 April 2013. <http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/tumt/MY 00607/DSECTION=why%2 Dits%2 Ddone>. “Transurethral Resection of Protstate (TURP)”. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 10 May 2011. Web. 23 April 2013. <http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/turp/MY 00633/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all>. “Transurethral Resection of Protstate (TURP)”. Wikipedia, 28 February 2013. Web. 23 April 2013. <http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate>. Uro. Lift. Relief. In Sight. Neo. Tract, 2011 -2012. Web. 22 April 2013. <http: //www. neotract. com/default. aspx>.