Lymphatic System Health Science I Structures of Lymphatic

Lymphatic System Health Science I

Structures of Lymphatic System �Lymph Fluid �Lymphatic Vessels �Lymph Nodes �Tonsils �Spleen �Thymus

Lymph Fluid �go-between for capillaries and tissue �Straw colored similar to plasma �AKA Interstitial fluid �Composed of H 2 O, lymphocytes, some granulocytes, O 2, digested nutrients, hormones, salts, CO 2 and urea �Doesn’t contain RBC’s or protein

Lymph Fluid con’t � Carries digested food, O 2 and hormones to cells and carries wastes back to capillaries for excretion �Skeletal muscle squeezes and moves fluid �Valves prevent back flow

Lymph Vessels �Accompany and closely parallel veins �Located in almost all tissues and organs that have blood vessels �Tissue lymph enters small lymph vessels which drain into larger vessels called lymphatics �They then flow into one of two large, main lymphatics �Thoracic duct aka left lymphatic duct �Right lymphatic duct �Flows in one direction, toward the heart

Lymphatic Ducts �Thoracic duct receives lymph fluid from the left side of the chest, head, neck, abdominal area and lower limbs left subclavian vein superior vena cava heart �Right lymphatic duct receives lymph fluid from the right arm, right side of the head and upper trunk right subclavian superior vena cava heart

SUMMARIZE �THINK PAIR SHARE �WITH YOUR PARTNER REVIEW THE STRUCTURES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM �SWITCH �PARTNERS INCLUDE ANYTHING THAT MAY HAVE BEEN LEFT OUT

Lymph Nodes �Tiny oval shaped structures ranging from pinhead to almond size �Located only or in groups �Site for lymphocyte production and filtering harmful substances (bacteria or cancer cells) �If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed

Tonsils �Masses of lymphatic tissue that produce lymphocytes and filter bacteria, shrink as we age �Three pairs of tonsils �Palatine- sides the soft palate �Adenoids- upper part of the throat �Lingual- back of the tongue

Spleen �Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue �Located in the LUQ just below diaphragm �Forms lymphocytes and monocytes �Stores large amounts of RBC’s �During excessive bleeding spleen contracts releasing RBC’s into circulation �Destroys and removes old RBC’s

Thymus �Located in upper anterior part of the thorax above the heart �Produces lymphocytes �Also considered an endocrine gland because it secretes a hormone to produce lymph cells

SUMMARIZE �THINK PAIR SHARE �WITH YOUR PARTNER REVIEW THE STRUCTURES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM �SWITCH �PARTNERS INCLUDE ANYTHING THAT MAY HAVE BEEN LEFT OUT

Functions of the Lymphatic System �Fluid balance �Filtration �Lymphocyte production �Immunity

Fluid Balance �Transports excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system �Why is this important? Fluid IN Fluid OUT

Filtration �Occurs in lymph nodes �Filters out bacteria, cancer cells, viruses ect. �How does filtration affect they lymphatic system?

Lymphocyte Production �Occurs in the spleen, thymus and nodes �Lymphocytes help the body fight against disease and germs �A type of WBC that synthesizes and releases antibodies �Why is this important to our health?

Immunity �The body’s ability to resist bacterial invasion and disease � 2 types of immunity �Natural- at birth, inherited and permanent � Ex- unbroken skin, local inflammation, mucus, tears, blood phagocytes �Acquired-body’s reaction to invaders

Immunity con’t �Acquired 2 types �Passive acquired immunity- borrowed immunity �Babies get this from mothers at birth �Exposure to a virus �Last 3 -5 weeks, temporary protection �Active acquired immunity- last a lifetime �Natural acquired- having a disease and recovering (chickenpox) �Artificial acquired- immunizations and vaccines (MMR)

Immunity �IMMUNIZATION – increasing resistance to particular diseases by artificial or natural means �Vaccination- Antigen injected into a person to stimulate production of antibodies �Antigen may be dead or weakened bacteria, virus or toxin

SUMMARIZE �THINK PAIR SHARE �THINK ABOUT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM � 1’S SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS WITH YOUR PARTNER � 2’S REVIEW ANYTHNG THAT WAS MISSED

Disorders of the Lymphatic System �Lymphadenitis �Cancer �Anaphylactic shock �HIV/AIDS �Hodgkin’s disease �Infectious mononucleosis �Lymphedema �Tonsillitis �Lupus erythematous �Scleroderma

Incubation period �Time interval between entry of infection and onset of symptoms

Lymphadenitis �Enlargement if the lymph node �Occurs when the body is fighting infection �Referred to as “swollen glands”

Cancer and Hodgkin’s disease �Cancer cells can be in lymph nodes, HCW must be aware potential problems �Hodgkin’s- form of cancer in lymph nodes �Symptoms painless swelling �Treatment- radiation and chemotherapy �Prognosis is good

Anaphylactic shock �Severe or fatal allergic reaction �Allergen- an antigen that causes allergic response �Hypersensitivity abnormal response to a drug or allergen �Antigen/antibody reaction causes massive secretion of histamine �Symptoms include breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, drop in BP, stomach cramps and vomiting �Treatment or antidote is adrenaline or antihistamine �Prognosis is good with proper and early treatment �Always ask patients if they have allergies to food or drugs

Tonsillitis �Infected and enlarged tonsils �Symptoms are difficulty swallowing, severe sore throat, elevated temperature and chills �Treatment is to cure infection �Surgery is done only in extreme cases �Tonsilectomy

Lymphedema �Swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages �Causes are radiation, surgery, tumors, and mastectomy �Symptom is swelling �Treatment is to wrapped affected area, lymph drainage and ROM exercises �Prognosis is ok lymphedema is a lifelong disease

Infectious Mononucleosis �AKA “mono” or “the kissing disease” because it is spread by oral contact and Epstein-Barr virus �Affects young children and adults �Symptoms are enlarged lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, high leukocyte count �Treat symptoms (virus so no cure), bed rest and fluids

Lupus Erythematous �Autoimmune disease that can be from family predisposition, viruses or even sunlight �Symptoms are fatigue, rashes and joint pain; in severe cases the body attacks it’s organs �Treatment is anti-inflammatory medication and symptom control �There is no cure �Seal, Michael Jackson and Nick Cannon have lupus

Scleroderma �Thickening of the skin and blood vessels �Symptoms are Raynaud’s (spasm of finger and toe blood vessels), changes in skin color, pain �Will result in loss of movement and dyspnea �NO cure �Treatment is to manage symptoms

SUMMARIZE �THINK PAIR SHARE � 1’S EXPLIAN TO 2’S THE SYMPTOMS OF LYMPHATIC DISORDERS � 2’S EXPLAIN TO 1’S THE TREATMENT OR PROGNOSIS OF THESE DISORDERS

HIV/AIDS �Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome �Human immunodeficiency virus �AIDS suppresses the natural immune defense system �HIV causes AIDS �People with AIDS can’t fight infections and cancers

HIV/AIDS �Transmission by: �Sex with someone who is HIV positive �Sharing needles with infected IV drug users �At birth from infected mother �Three responses to HIV infection: �H IV �AIDS �Asymptomatic infection-has HIV but no symptoms

Symptoms of AIDS �Prolonged fatigue �Persistent fevers or night sweats �Persistent, unexplained cough �Thick coating in throat or on tongue �Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding �Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away �Chronic diarrhea �Shortness of breath �Unexplained lymphadenopathy �Unexplained weight loss, 10 pounds or more, in less than 2 months �Incubation period is 1 month to 12 years

HIV/AIDS �Screening �Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an AIDS indicator �Western Blot test is used after positive ELISA �Opportunistic infections- a healthy person would fight off these infections, but a person with AIDS has a compromised immune response.

HIV/AIDS �Cannot be spread by: �Casual contact �Through air, feces, food, urine or water �Coughing, sneezing, embracing, shaking hands and sharing eating utensils �The AIDS Patient � Sometimes treated as outcasts �Healthcare worker should be supportive �Use of gloves for normal patient contact is not necessary

AIDS related complex �ARC �Person contracts HIV and other conditions but not AIDS �Symptoms: diarrhea, lymphadenopathy and unexplained weight loss �If life threatening opportunistic infections develop, then individual is said to have AIDS

Prevent the Spread of HIV/AIDS �Avoid risky behavior �Protected sex �Do Not share needles or syringes �Clean soiled clothes, surfaces with soap and hot water �Cover open cut, sore, or wound �Use standard precaution

Standard Precautions �Guidelines to use in patient care setting �Must be used when there is contact with blood, any body fluid (except sweat), mucous membranes and non-intact skin �Handwashing – the single most effective way to prevent infection �Wash hands after touching body fluids, even if gloves are worn. �Wash hands immediately after and between patient contact �Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap for minimum 10 seconds �Gloves, gown, mask/eyeshield (when appropriate) and separate equipment

Standard Precautions �Gloves – worn when touching blood, body fluids, etc. �Mask, eye protection, face shield and gown – during patient care activities that may generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, etc. �Patient care equipment and linens – handle with care, don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean or discard appropriately.

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