Lymphatic System and Immunity The Lymphatic System and

Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Lymphatic System and Immunity Functions and Structures: 1. LYMPH- watery fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues - transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they can be destroyed - INTERSTITIAL FLUID filters out of capillaries into the microscopic spaces between cells 2. LYMPH VESSELS- transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system. 3. LYMPH NODES- produce lymphocytes, filter out harmful bacteria.

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels • closely parallel veins • transport lymph 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 3

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels parallel to blood vessels 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 4

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels • Lacteals • Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines…in each villi 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 5

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels • • Lymphatic ducts Large lymph vessels • Thoracic duct • Also called the left lymphatic duct • receives lymph from the left side…empties into left subclavian vein Right lymphatic duct • Lymph flows only in one direction 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 6

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph nodes • • • tiny, oval-shaped structures range in size from a pinhead to an almond Act as filters Located alone or grouped – large cluster in the neck and under the arms If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed Lymph node 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 7

Structures of the lymphatic system Tonsils • • 3 pairs masses of lymphatic tissue 1. Palatine tonsils • sides of throat 2. Adenoids • upper throat 3. Lingual tonsils • back of tongue 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 8

Structures of the lymphatic system Spleen • Spongy organ in the upper-left quadrant of abdomen • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes • Filters blood • Stores large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs 9

Spleen continued…. . • Destroys or removes old, fragile RBCs • Not an essential organ…more needed in children • If injured (blunt force trauma) may cause internal bleeding due to rich blood supply 10

Structures of the lymphatic system Thymus gland • • located in the upper, anterior chest also an endocrine gland “disappearing gland” puberty 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 11

The Lymphatic System What are the functions of the lymphatic system? 1. FLUID BALANCE 2. LYMPHOCYTE PRODUCTION 3. FILTRATION 4. IMMUNITY 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 12

The Lymphatic System Fluid balance returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid compensating for hypovolemia by releasing stored fluid to the tissues ____ Fluid IN ____ Fluid OUT compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid 13

The Lymphatic System Lymphocyte production n What are lymphocytes? n What do they do? 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 14

The Lymphatic System Filtration n Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens…fluid then delivered to other lymphatic vessels. 15

The Lymphatic System The body’s ability to resist pathogens Present at birth, inherited and permanent The body’s response to a pathogen Artifically acquired by injecting antibodies…lasts 3 -5 weeks…immediate immunity Lasts longer…your body responds to a pathogen Result of recovering from a disease Being vaccinated / immunized (antigen injected to stimulate production of antibodies) 16

The Lymphatic System Natural immunity n (INNATE) – AT BIRTH, INHERITED AND PERMANENT. n INCLUDES ANATOMICAL BARRIERS: Unbroken skin Mucus and tears Blood phagocytes Local inflammation 17

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active and Passive n Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders Lasts longer…two types 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 18

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active n n n Natural A result of having had and recovered from a disease For example: a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies against disease 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 19

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Passive Natural – baby gets from mother’s placenta or mother’s milk 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 20

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active n ARTIFICIAL- Vaccinations n NATURAL- infection person makes AB…. . long lived immunity 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 21

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity Active Artificial Should immunizations be required? Why or why not? 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 22

HYPERSENSITIVITY • When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material, and instead, the antibodies formed irritate certain body cells. • An abnormal response to a drug or allergen. • An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic reaction responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc. ) 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 23

The Lymphatic System Anaphylactic shock • Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction • Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a n massive secretion of histamine • Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting • Rx - adrenaline • Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag 24

The Lymphatic System AIDS • • • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Caused by HTLV-III (human Tlymphotrophic virus type III) Commonly caused HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Affects not only homosexual males but all populations 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 25

• The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers and most infections • Three responses to HIV infection: 1. AIDS 2. ARC (AIDS – related complex) 3. Asymptomatic infections Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are available • 26

Symptoms of AIDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. u Prolonged fatigue Persistent fevers or night sweats Persistent, unexplained cough Thick coating in throat or on tongue Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away Chronic diarrhea Shortness of breath Unexplained lymphadenopathy Unexplained weight loss, 10 lbs or more, in less than 2 months Incubation period: 1 month to 12 years 27

The Lymphatic System Hodgkin’s Disease n cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of lymph nodes are early symptoms. n Rx – chemotherapy and radiation 28

The Lymphatic System Infectious mononucleosis • • • Caused by EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS Frequently in young adults and children Spread by oral contact ( i. e. kissing, drinking after someone) • Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue, Leukocytes • Rx – bedrest, symptomatic treatment 29

The Lymphatic System Lupus erythematosus WHAT IS THE CLASSIC SYMPTOM OF LUPUS? Butterfly rash on the face WHAT OTHER SYMPTOMS MIGHT PRESENT? Swollen joints, fatigue HOW IS LUPUS MANAGED? Medications WHAT IS THE PROGNOSIS? Good 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 30

The Lymphatic System Lymphadenitis What is it? Lymph aden itis n LYMPHADENITIS – enlargement of the lymph nodes, occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection – generalized enlargement 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 31

The Lymphatic System Lymphedema Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause Photo used with written permission by the Mayo Clinic. lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage of 2. 04 Understand the functions and the lymph passages. disorders of the lymphatic system 32

The Lymphatic System Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs. Autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Symptoms: n n n n Fingers or toes that turn blue or white in response to hot and cold temperatures Hair loss Skin hardness Skin that is abnormally dark or light Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands, and forearm Tight and mask-like skin on the face Joint pain 33

The Lymphatic System Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 34