Lymphatic System and Immunity The Lymphatic System and

Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Lymphatic System and Immunity Functions and Structures: 1. LYMPH- watery fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues - transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they can be destroyed - INTERSTITIAL FLUID filters out of capillaries into the microscopic spaces between cells 2. LYMPH VESSELS- transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system. 3. LYMPH NODES- produce lymphocytes, filter out harmful bacteria.

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels • closely parallel veins • transport lymph 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 3

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels parallel to blood vessels 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 4

Circulation of Fluid through Lymphatic System *Fluid leaks out of bloodstream into tissue *Tissue Fluid sucked back up by lymphatic capillaries *Lymphatic capillaries carry fluid (lymph) to lymphatic vessels *Lymphatic vessels carry fluid to lymph nodes *Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens *Fluid then delivered to lymphatic vessels *Lymphatic vessels carry fluid to lymph trunks *Lymphatic trunks carry fluid to collecting ducts *Collecting ducts carry fluid to subclavian veins, where it will re-enter blood stream 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 5

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels • Lacteals • Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines…in each villi 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 6

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph vessels • Lymphatic ducts • Large lymph vessels • Thoracic duct • Also called the left lymphatic duct • receives lymph from the left side…empties into left subclavian vein • Right lymphatic duct • Lymph flows only in one direction 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 7

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph nodes • • • tiny, oval-shaped structures range in size from a pinhead to an almond Act as filters Located alone or grouped – large cluster in the neck and under the arms If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed Lymph node 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 8

Structures of the lymphatic system Tonsils • • 3 pairs masses of lymphatic tissue 1. Palatine tonsils • sides of throat 2. Adenoids • upper throat 3. Lingual tonsils • back of tongue 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 9

Tonsils 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 10

Structures of the lymphatic system Spleen • Spongy organ in the upper-left quadrant of abdomen • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes • Filters blood • Stores large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs 11

Spleen continued…. . • Destroys or removes old, fragile RBCs • Not an essential organ…more needed in children • If injured (blunt force trauma) may cause internal bleeding due to rich blood supply 12

Structures of the lymphatic system Thymus gland • • • located in the upper, anterior chest also an endocrine gland “disappearing gland” 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 13

The Lymphatic System What are the functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Fluid Balance 2. Lymphocyte Production 3. Filtration 4. Immunity 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 14

The Lymphatic System Fluid balance a) returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream b) transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid c) compensating for hypovolemia(a decreased volume of circulating blood in body) by releasing stored fluid to the tissues d) compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid ____ Fluid IN ____ Fluid OUT 15

n Plasma leaves the body's cells once it has delivered its nutrients and removed debris. Most of this fluid returns to the venous circulation through tiny blood vessels called venules and continues as venous blood. The remainder becomes lymph. 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 16

n Unlike blood, which flows throughout the body in a continue loop, lymph flows in only one direction — upward toward the neck. Lymphatic vessels connect to two subclavian veins, which are located on either sides of the neck near the collarbones, and the fluid re-enters the circulatory system 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 17

n If the lymphatic system didn't drain the excess fluid from the tissues, the lymph fluid would build up in the body's tissues, causing them to swell. 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 18

The Lymphatic System Lymphocyte production n What are lymphocytes? n a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system n What do they do? 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 19

Lymphocytes n determine the specific response of the immune system to bacteria and toxins. They are present in the circulation and central lymphoid organs and tissues, where an immune response initially occurs 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 20

Lymphocytes There are two primary lymphatic organs: the red bone marrow and the thymus gland. n Also known as B-cells and T-cells n 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 21

The Lymphatic System Filtration n Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens…fluid then delivered to other lymphatic vessels. 22

The Lymphatic System The body’s ability to resist pathogens Present at birth, inherited and permanent The body’s response to a pathogen Borrowed…Artifically acquired by injecting antibodies…lasts 3 -5 weeks…immediate immunity Lasts longer…your body responds to a pathogen Result of recovering from a disease Being vaccinated / immunized (antigen injected to stimulate production of antibodies) 23

The Lymphatic System Natural immunity n (Innate) – at birth, inherited and permanent. n Includes anatomical barriers: • Unbroken skin Mucus and tears Blood phagocytes Local inflammation • • • 24

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active and Passive Active lasts longer than Passive n Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders - Lasts longer…two types of Actively Acquired Immunity: u Natural acquired immunity u Artificially Acquired immunity 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 25

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Passive **Borrowed immunity; lasts only 3 -5 weeks Natural – baby gets from mother’s placenta or mother’s milk; may protect baby for a full year; after this child must develop own active immunity. Ex: Hepatitis exposure 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 26

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active Preferable to passive immunity because it lasts longer. There are two types of actively acquired immunity: Natural and Artificial 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 27

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity: Active Artificial: comes from being vaccinated n Natural: A result of having had and recovered from a disease. For example: a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies against disease; chickenpox n n 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 28

The Lymphatic System Acquired immunity Active Artificial Should immunizations be required? Why or why not? 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 29

HYPERSENSITIVITY • When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material, and instead, the antibodies formed irritate certain body cells. • An abnormal response to a drug or allergen. • An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic reaction responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc. ) 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 30

The Lymphatic System Anaphylactic shock • Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction • Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a n massive secretion of histamine • Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting • Rx - adrenaline • Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag 31

The Lymphatic System AIDS • • • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Caused by HIV( uses the machinery of the CD 4 cells or Tcells to multiply (make copies of itself) and spread throughout the body Affects not only homosexual males but all populations 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 32

• • • The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers and most infections Three responses to HIV infection: 1. AIDS 2. ARC (AIDS – related complex) 3. Asymptomatic infection Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are available 33

Symptoms of AIDS 10. Prolonged fatigue Persistent fevers or night sweats Persistent, unexplained cough Thick coating in throat or on tongue Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away Chronic diarrhea Shortness of breath Unexplained lymphadenopathy Unexplained weight loss, 10 lbs or more, in less than 2 months u Incubation period: 1 month to 12 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 34

What does AIDS look like? 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 35

AIDS n HIV infect and destroy CD 4 -positive helper T cells – which normally direct and support the infection-fighting activities of other immune cells – the virus also appears to use those cells to travel through the body and infect other CD 4 T cells 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 36

The Lymphatic System Hodgkin’s Disease n cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of lymph nodes are early symptoms. Fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats n Rx – chemotherapy and radiation 37

Hodgkin’s Disease 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 38

The Lymphatic System Infectious mononucleosis • • • Caused by virus Frequently in young adults and children Spread by oral contact ( i. e. kissing, drinking after someone) • Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue, Leukocytes • Rx – bedrest, symptomatic treatment 39

The Lymphatic System Lupus erythematosus What is the classic symptom of lupus? What other symptoms might present? How is lupus managed? What is the prognosis? 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 40

The Lymphatic System Lymphadenitis What is it? Lymph aden itis n LYMPHADENITIS – enlargement of the lymph nodes, occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection – generalized enlargement 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 41

The Lymphatic System Lymphedema Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages. Photo used with written permission by the Mayo Clinic. 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 42

Lymphedema 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 43

The Lymphatic System Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs. Autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Overproduction of collagen Symptoms: n n n Hair loss Skin hardness Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands, and forearm Tight and mask-like skin on the face Joint pain Organ failure such as lungs, hearts, etc 44

Treatment for Scleroderma Medications n Prevent complications n Lifestyle changes: exercise, skin creams, no smoking, no exposure to cold or stress n 2. 03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system 45

The Lymphatic System Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial 2. 04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system 46