Lymphatic System and Immunity Lymphatic System n n
![Lymphatic System and Immunity: Lymphatic System and Immunity:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-1.jpg)
![Lymphatic System n n n n Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes Lymphatic System n n n n Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-2.jpg)
![Lymphatic Vessels n n Carry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillaries n n More Lymphatic Vessels n n Carry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillaries n n More](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-3.jpg)
![Functions of the Lymphatic System n Fluid balance n n Fat absorption n n Functions of the Lymphatic System n Fluid balance n n Fat absorption n n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-4.jpg)
![Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules n Lymphatic tissue n n n Consists mainly of lymphocytes Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules n Lymphatic tissue n n n Consists mainly of lymphocytes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-5.jpg)
![Tonsils n n n Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity Tonsils n n n Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-6.jpg)
![Lymph Nodes n n n Organized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis Lymph Nodes n n n Organized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-7.jpg)
![Figure 25 -16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 25 -16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-8.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-9.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-10.jpg)
![Spleen n Located in left superior side of abdomen n n Blood flows through Spleen n Located in left superior side of abdomen n n Blood flows through](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-11.jpg)
![Spleen Spleen](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-12.jpg)
![Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-13.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-14.jpg)
![Hassall's corpuscle n Found in the central region of each thymic lobule n n Hassall's corpuscle n Found in the central region of each thymic lobule n n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-15.jpg)
![Immunity n n Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful Immunity n n Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-16.jpg)
![An Overview of the Immune Response An Overview of the Immune Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-17.jpg)
![n Innate immune Responses n Innate immune responses provide the first line of defense n Innate immune Responses n Innate immune responses provide the first line of defense](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-18.jpg)
![Model of a TLR 3 bound to a ds. RNA molecule Model of a TLR 3 bound to a ds. RNA molecule](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-19.jpg)
![Innate responses are typically accompanied by the concentration of defensive agents at the site Innate responses are typically accompanied by the concentration of defensive agents at the site](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-20.jpg)
![Inflammatory Response n n n Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation Response Inflammatory Response n n n Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-21.jpg)
![Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-22.jpg)
![C 3 a stimulates mast cells and basophils, which then secrete inflammatory mediators C 3 a stimulates mast cells and basophils, which then secrete inflammatory mediators](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-23.jpg)
![Innate Immunity: Cells n White blood cells n n Most important cellular components of Innate Immunity: Cells n White blood cells n n Most important cellular components of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-24.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-25.jpg)
![Innate immunity Innate immunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-26.jpg)
![Antigenic Determinants n Antigenic determinants n n Specific regions of a given antigen recognized Antigenic Determinants n Antigenic determinants n n Specific regions of a given antigen recognized](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-27.jpg)
![An Overview of the Immune Response An Overview of the Immune Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-28.jpg)
![n Another innate antiviral response is initiated by virus-infected cells that produce interferon. n n Another innate antiviral response is initiated by virus-infected cells that produce interferon. n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-29.jpg)
![n Adaptive Immune Responses Adaptive (or acquired) immune responses require a lag period for n Adaptive Immune Responses Adaptive (or acquired) immune responses require a lag period for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-30.jpg)
![n Humoral immunity is carried out by antibodies, which are globular proteins of the n Humoral immunity is carried out by antibodies, which are globular proteins of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-31.jpg)
![n Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells n Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-32.jpg)
![Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n B and T cells n Originate in red Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n B and T cells n Originate in red](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-33.jpg)
![Adaptive immunity involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance Adaptive immunity involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-34.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-35.jpg)
![Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) n Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) n Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-36.jpg)
![n The MHC proteins hold fragments of antigen in place on APCs. n The n The MHC proteins hold fragments of antigen in place on APCs. n The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-37.jpg)
![Peptides produced by antigen processing bind within a groove of the MHC protein molecule Peptides produced by antigen processing bind within a groove of the MHC protein molecule](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-38.jpg)
![MHC class I MHC class I](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-39.jpg)
![Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n Positive selection n n Negative selection n n Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n Positive selection n n Negative selection n n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-40.jpg)
![Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-41.jpg)
![n T-cells, activated by clonal selection, interact with antigens through a surface protein called n T-cells, activated by clonal selection, interact with antigens through a surface protein called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-42.jpg)
![n T cells release cytokines that alter the activity of the target cell. n T cells release cytokines that alter the activity of the target cell.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-43.jpg)
![Any students interested in partaking in a directed study group led by a past Any students interested in partaking in a directed study group led by a past](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-44.jpg)
![n Three classes of T cells are distinguished by the proteins on their surfaces n Three classes of T cells are distinguished by the proteins on their surfaces](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-45.jpg)
![T-cell receptor synthesis n The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is T-cell receptor synthesis n The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-46.jpg)
![DNA rearrangements that lead to the formation of genes for an immunoglobulin (such as DNA rearrangements that lead to the formation of genes for an immunoglobulin (such as](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-47.jpg)
![n DNA Rearrangement of Genes Encoding B- and T-Cell Antigen Receptors n Two separate n DNA Rearrangement of Genes Encoding B- and T-Cell Antigen Receptors n Two separate](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-48.jpg)
![n DNA rearrangement (continued) n The process is catalyzed by V(D)J recombinase which joins n DNA rearrangement (continued) n The process is catalyzed by V(D)J recombinase which joins](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-49.jpg)
![n DNA rearrangement (continued) n Variability in polypeptide chains is achieved by: n The n DNA rearrangement (continued) n Variability in polypeptide chains is achieved by: n The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-50.jpg)
![T-cell receptor assembly n The TCRβ chain is paired with the pre-Tα to generate T-cell receptor assembly n The TCRβ chain is paired with the pre-Tα to generate](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-51.jpg)
![T-cell receptor (general structure) T-cell receptor (general structure)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-52.jpg)
![TCR interactions with MHC I and MHC II TCR interactions with MHC I and MHC II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-53.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-54.jpg)
![Positive T-cell receptor selection n Thymocytes which pass ‘β-selection’ now express a TCR which Positive T-cell receptor selection n Thymocytes which pass ‘β-selection’ now express a TCR which](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-55.jpg)
![Negative T-cell receptor selection n The key disadvantage in the process of TCR assembly Negative T-cell receptor selection n The key disadvantage in the process of TCR assembly](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-56.jpg)
![Determining the fate of a newly formed T cell in the thymus Stromal cell Determining the fate of a newly formed T cell in the thymus Stromal cell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-57.jpg)
![B-cells undergo a process of positive selection to eliminate selfrecognition. n Features of the B-cells undergo a process of positive selection to eliminate selfrecognition. n Features of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-58.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-59.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-60.jpg)
![Antigen Processing Antigen Processing](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-61.jpg)
![Phagocytosis n n n Phagocytosis also involves membrane invagination. This process does not involve Phagocytosis n n n Phagocytosis also involves membrane invagination. This process does not involve](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-62.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-63.jpg)
![Costimulation Costimulation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-64.jpg)
![Proliferation of Helper T Cells Proliferation of Helper T Cells](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-65.jpg)
![n Binding of an antigen to the B-cell receptor “primes” the B-cell n Binding of an antigen to the B-cell receptor “primes” the B-cell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-66.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-67.jpg)
![Proliferation of B Cells Proliferation of B Cells](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-68.jpg)
![Comparison of the structure of a B cell and a plasma cell Comparison of the structure of a B cell and a plasma cell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-69.jpg)
![Antibody-Mediated Immunity n Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig) n n Classes: Ig. G, Ig. M, Antibody-Mediated Immunity n Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig) n n Classes: Ig. G, Ig. M,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-70.jpg)
![Actions of Antibodies Actions of Antibodies](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-71.jpg)
![Figure 25 -11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 25 -11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-72.jpg)
![Antibody Production Antibody Production](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-73.jpg)
![Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-74.jpg)
![Effects of Aging Little effect on lymphatic system n Decreased ability of helper T Effects of Aging Little effect on lymphatic system n Decreased ability of helper T](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-75.jpg)
![Immune System Problems Hypersensitivity reactions n Autoimmune disease n Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) Immune System Problems Hypersensitivity reactions n Autoimmune disease n Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-76.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-77.jpg)
- Slides: 77
![Lymphatic System and Immunity Lymphatic System and Immunity:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-1.jpg)
Lymphatic System and Immunity:
![Lymphatic System n n n n Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes Lymphatic System n n n n Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-2.jpg)
Lymphatic System n n n n Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus
![Lymphatic Vessels n n Carry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillaries n n More Lymphatic Vessels n n Carry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillaries n n More](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-3.jpg)
Lymphatic Vessels n n Carry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillaries n n More permeable than blood capillaries Epithelium functions as series of one-way valves
![Functions of the Lymphatic System n Fluid balance n n Fat absorption n n Functions of the Lymphatic System n Fluid balance n n Fat absorption n n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-4.jpg)
Functions of the Lymphatic System n Fluid balance n n Fat absorption n n Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph Absorption of fat and other substances from digestive tract Defense n Microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen
![Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules n Lymphatic tissue n n n Consists mainly of lymphocytes Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules n Lymphatic tissue n n n Consists mainly of lymphocytes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-5.jpg)
Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules n Lymphatic tissue n n n Consists mainly of lymphocytes Encapsulated or not Lymphatic nodules n Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems
![Tonsils n n n Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity Tonsils n n n Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-6.jpg)
Tonsils n n n Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material Groups n Palatine Pharyngeal n Lingual n
![Lymph Nodes n n n Organized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis Lymph Nodes n n n Organized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-7.jpg)
Lymph Nodes n n n Organized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes or both Only structures to filter lymph n Afferent and efferent vessels
![Figure 25 16 Molecular Biology of the Cell Garland Science 2008 Figure 25 -16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-8.jpg)
Figure 25 -16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-9.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-10.jpg)
![Spleen n Located in left superior side of abdomen n n Blood flows through Spleen n Located in left superior side of abdomen n n Blood flows through](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-11.jpg)
Spleen n Located in left superior side of abdomen n n Blood flows through at 3 different rates n n Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal injuries resulting in bleeding, shock, death Fast (most), slow, intermediate Functions Destroys defective RBCs n Detects and responds to foreign substances n Limited reservoir for blood n
![Spleen Spleen](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-12.jpg)
Spleen
![Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions Cortex and medulla Site of Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-13.jpg)
Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of maturation of T cells
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-14.jpg)
![Hassalls corpuscle n Found in the central region of each thymic lobule n n Hassall's corpuscle n Found in the central region of each thymic lobule n n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-15.jpg)
Hassall's corpuscle n Found in the central region of each thymic lobule n n Sometimes referred to as a thymic corpuscle Function is unknown n Known source of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) n TSLP is a Cytokine which activates Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), which in turn play a strong role in T-lymphocyte selection.
![Immunity n n Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful Immunity n n Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-16.jpg)
Immunity n n Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful chemicals Categories n Innate or nonspecific resistance n n Mechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbes Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and inflammation Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals Adaptive or specific immunity n n Specificity: Ability to recognize a particular substance Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly
![An Overview of the Immune Response An Overview of the Immune Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-17.jpg)
An Overview of the Immune Response
![n Innate immune Responses n Innate immune responses provide the first line of defense n Innate immune Responses n Innate immune responses provide the first line of defense](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-18.jpg)
n Innate immune Responses n Innate immune responses provide the first line of defense n The response lack specificity. n An invading agent first encounters a phagocytic cell. n Phagocytes have receptor proteins such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). n Activation of such receptors play a role in promoting immunity , by initiating secretion of inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines).
![Model of a TLR 3 bound to a ds RNA molecule Model of a TLR 3 bound to a ds. RNA molecule](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-19.jpg)
Model of a TLR 3 bound to a ds. RNA molecule
![Innate responses are typically accompanied by the concentration of defensive agents at the site Innate responses are typically accompanied by the concentration of defensive agents at the site](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-20.jpg)
Innate responses are typically accompanied by the concentration of defensive agents at the site of infection— inflammation. n Another mechanism produces proteins called complement that bind to pathogens and initiate their lysis. n Innate responses against viruses include natural killer (NK) cell to induce apoptosis in the infected cell. n
![Inflammatory Response n n n Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation Response Inflammatory Response n n n Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-21.jpg)
Inflammatory Response n n n Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular permeability Types n n Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function Systemic: Symptoms are increase in neutrophil numbers, fever and shock
![Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-22.jpg)
Inflammatory Response
![C 3 a stimulates mast cells and basophils which then secrete inflammatory mediators C 3 a stimulates mast cells and basophils, which then secrete inflammatory mediators](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-23.jpg)
C 3 a stimulates mast cells and basophils, which then secrete inflammatory mediators
![Innate Immunity Cells n White blood cells n n Most important cellular components of Innate Immunity: Cells n White blood cells n n Most important cellular components of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-24.jpg)
Innate Immunity: Cells n White blood cells n n Most important cellular components of immune system Methods n n n Chemotaxis Phagocytosis n n n Phagocytic and first cells to enter infected tissue Promote inflammation Eosinophils n n Monocytes that leave blood, enter tissues Large phagocytic cells Basophils and mast cells n Neutrophils n Macrophages Reduce inflammation Natural killer cells n Lyse tumor and virusinfected cells
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-25.jpg)
![Innate immunity Innate immunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-26.jpg)
Innate immunity
![Antigenic Determinants n Antigenic determinants n n Specific regions of a given antigen recognized Antigenic Determinants n Antigenic determinants n n Specific regions of a given antigen recognized](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-27.jpg)
Antigenic Determinants n Antigenic determinants n n Specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte Antigenic receptors n Surface of lymphocyte that combines with antigenic determinant
![An Overview of the Immune Response An Overview of the Immune Response](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-28.jpg)
An Overview of the Immune Response
![n Another innate antiviral response is initiated by virusinfected cells that produce interferon n n Another innate antiviral response is initiated by virus-infected cells that produce interferon. n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-29.jpg)
n Another innate antiviral response is initiated by virus-infected cells that produce interferon. n Interferon binds to the surface of non-infected cells making them resistant to infection. n A type of interferon may induce synthesis of mi. RNAs that target viral RNA genomes.
![n Adaptive Immune Responses Adaptive or acquired immune responses require a lag period for n Adaptive Immune Responses Adaptive (or acquired) immune responses require a lag period for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-30.jpg)
n Adaptive Immune Responses Adaptive (or acquired) immune responses require a lag period for an attack against a foreign agent. n This response is specific and occurs only in vertebrates. n There are two broad categories of adaptive immunity: n n Humoral immunity n Cell-mediated immunity
![n Humoral immunity is carried out by antibodies which are globular proteins of the n Humoral immunity is carried out by antibodies, which are globular proteins of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-31.jpg)
n Humoral immunity is carried out by antibodies, which are globular proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig. SF). n Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by cells. n Both types of immunity are mediated by lymphocytes, which are leukocytes that circulate between the blood and lymphoid organs.
![n Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes which differentiate into antibodysecreting plasma cells n Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-32.jpg)
n Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells when activated. n Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by T lymphocytes (or T cells), which recognize and kill infected cells when activated. n B and T cells arise from hematopoietic
![Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n B and T cells n Originate in red Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n B and T cells n Originate in red](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-33.jpg)
Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n B and T cells n Originate in red bone marrow n Move to lymphatic tissue from processing sites and continually circulate n Clones are small groups of identical lymphocytes
![Adaptive immunity involves the ability to recognize respond to and remember a particular substance Adaptive immunity involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-34.jpg)
Adaptive immunity involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance (stimulant). n Stimulants n Antigens: Large molecules n n Foreign: Not produced by body, introduced from outside Self-antigens: Produced by body Haptens: Small molecules and capable of combining Types n n Humoral or Antibody-mediated: B cells Cell-mediated: T cells
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-35.jpg)
![Major Histocompatability Complex MHC n Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) n Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-36.jpg)
Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) n Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called MHC molecules Class I molecules display antigens on surface of nucleated cells, resulting in destruction of cells n Class II molecules display antigens on surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), resulting in activation of immune cells n
![n The MHC proteins hold fragments of antigen in place on APCs n The n The MHC proteins hold fragments of antigen in place on APCs. n The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-37.jpg)
n The MHC proteins hold fragments of antigen in place on APCs. n The TCR interacts with an APC when it docks with MHC proteins. n Cytotoxic T cells recognize their antigen in association with MHC I molecules. n Helper T cells recognize their antigen in association with MHC II molecules.
![Peptides produced by antigen processing bind within a groove of the MHC protein molecule Peptides produced by antigen processing bind within a groove of the MHC protein molecule](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-38.jpg)
Peptides produced by antigen processing bind within a groove of the MHC protein molecule
![MHC class I MHC class I](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-39.jpg)
MHC class I
![Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n Positive selection n n Negative selection n n Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n Positive selection n n Negative selection n n](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-40.jpg)
Origin and Development of Lymphocytes n Positive selection n n Negative selection n n Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens Eliminates lymphocytes that react against selfantigens Primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow, thymus) n n Where lymphocytes mature into functional cells Secondary lymphatic organs n Where lymphocytes produce an immune response
![Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions Cortex and medulla Site of Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-41.jpg)
Thymus n n n Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of maturation of T cells
![n Tcells activated by clonal selection interact with antigens through a surface protein called n T-cells, activated by clonal selection, interact with antigens through a surface protein called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-42.jpg)
n T-cells, activated by clonal selection, interact with antigens through a surface protein called a T-cell receptor. n T cells are activated by fragments of antigens that are displayed on the surface of antigenpresenting cells (APCs). n Dendritic cells ingest antigens by endocytosis. n Macrophages ingest antigens by phagocytosis. n These cells process and present the antigen to other cells.
![n T cells release cytokines that alter the activity of the target cell n T cells release cytokines that alter the activity of the target cell.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-43.jpg)
n T cells release cytokines that alter the activity of the target cell.
![Any students interested in partaking in a directed study group led by a past Any students interested in partaking in a directed study group led by a past](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-44.jpg)
Any students interested in partaking in a directed study group led by a past graduate of the course (one of the good ones), on Fridays from 1 -2: 30 pm, Please email Sorouch Safa at: soroush. safa@yahoo. ca
![n Three classes of T cells are distinguished by the proteins on their surfaces n Three classes of T cells are distinguished by the proteins on their surfaces](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-45.jpg)
n Three classes of T cells are distinguished by the proteins on their surfaces and their biological functions: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill target cells by inducing apoptosis. n Helper T (TH) lymphocytes are regulatory cells activated by APCs. n Regulatory T lymphocytes (TReg cells) suppress the activities of other immune cells. n
![Tcell receptor synthesis n The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is T-cell receptor synthesis n The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-46.jpg)
T-cell receptor synthesis n The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is mediated by the T-cell receptor (TCR). n Unlike most genes, the TCR gene is made up of a series of alternative gene fragments. n In order to create a functional T cell receptor, immature T -lymphocyte precursors use a series of DNA-interacting enzymes to bring separate gene fragments together. n The outcome of this process is that the TCR for EACH and EVERY T-lymphocyte has a different sequence.
![DNA rearrangements that lead to the formation of genes for an immunoglobulin such as DNA rearrangements that lead to the formation of genes for an immunoglobulin (such as](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-47.jpg)
DNA rearrangements that lead to the formation of genes for an immunoglobulin (such as the Tcell receptor)
![n DNA Rearrangement of Genes Encoding B and TCell Antigen Receptors n Two separate n DNA Rearrangement of Genes Encoding B- and T-Cell Antigen Receptors n Two separate](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-48.jpg)
n DNA Rearrangement of Genes Encoding B- and T-Cell Antigen Receptors n Two separate genes (a C gene and V gene) are combined (with a joining segment) through rearrangement to form one continuous gene that encodes one antibody chain.
![n DNA rearrangement continued n The process is catalyzed by VDJ recombinase which joins n DNA rearrangement (continued) n The process is catalyzed by V(D)J recombinase which joins](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-49.jpg)
n DNA rearrangement (continued) n The process is catalyzed by V(D)J recombinase which joins V and J segments of the gene, and deleting the intervening DNA. n Rearrangement is facilitated by signal sequences which are similar in V and J segments.
![n DNA rearrangement continued n Variability in polypeptide chains is achieved by n The n DNA rearrangement (continued) n Variability in polypeptide chains is achieved by: n The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-50.jpg)
n DNA rearrangement (continued) n Variability in polypeptide chains is achieved by: n The variety of V and J exons in the DNA of the germ line. n Varying the site at which J and V sequences are joined. n The n enzymatic insertion of nucleotides. Somatic hypermutation refers to a high mutation rate in V elements of B cells.
![Tcell receptor assembly n The TCRβ chain is paired with the preTα to generate T-cell receptor assembly n The TCRβ chain is paired with the pre-Tα to generate](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-51.jpg)
T-cell receptor assembly n The TCRβ chain is paired with the pre-Tα to generate the pre-TCR. n The disadvantage in the gene-rearrangement process is that many of the combinations of the TCR gene fragments are non-functional. n Cells that fail to produce a functional pre-TCR are eliminated by apoptosis (β-selection). n Following β-selection, the cells undergo TCRα rearrangement, resulting in completely assembled TCR in its final form.
![Tcell receptor general structure T-cell receptor (general structure)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-52.jpg)
T-cell receptor (general structure)
![TCR interactions with MHC I and MHC II TCR interactions with MHC I and MHC II](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-53.jpg)
TCR interactions with MHC I and MHC II
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-54.jpg)
![Positive Tcell receptor selection n Thymocytes which pass βselection now express a TCR which Positive T-cell receptor selection n Thymocytes which pass ‘β-selection’ now express a TCR which](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-55.jpg)
Positive T-cell receptor selection n Thymocytes which pass ‘β-selection’ now express a TCR which is capable of assembling on the cell surface. n However many of these TCRs will still be non-functional (unable to bind MHC I or II). n Thymocytes that have a T cell receptor incapable of binding MHC class I or class II undergo apoptosis (panel b). n The remaining thymocytes will undergo negative selection.
![Negative Tcell receptor selection n The key disadvantage in the process of TCR assembly Negative T-cell receptor selection n The key disadvantage in the process of TCR assembly](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-56.jpg)
Negative T-cell receptor selection n The key disadvantage in the process of TCR assembly is that by random chance, some arrangements will create a TCR capable of binding self-peptides presented on MHC class I or II. n Such T cells would be capable of activating an immune response against self, resulting in an autoimmune disease. n During negative selection, all thymocytes with a high affinity for binding self peptides presented on MHC class I or class II are induced to undergo apoptosis (panel a). n Cells which do not have a high affinity for self antigens survive negative selection (panel c).
![Determining the fate of a newly formed T cell in the thymus Stromal cell Determining the fate of a newly formed T cell in the thymus Stromal cell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-57.jpg)
Determining the fate of a newly formed T cell in the thymus Stromal cell
![Bcells undergo a process of positive selection to eliminate selfrecognition n Features of the B-cells undergo a process of positive selection to eliminate selfrecognition. n Features of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-58.jpg)
B-cells undergo a process of positive selection to eliminate selfrecognition. n Features of the B-cell clonal selection: n Antibody production follows selection of B cells by antigen. n Each B cell becomes committed to produce one species of antibody. n. B cells become committed to antibody formation in the absence of antigen.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-59.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-60.jpg)
![Antigen Processing Antigen Processing](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-61.jpg)
Antigen Processing
![Phagocytosis n n n Phagocytosis also involves membrane invagination This process does not involve Phagocytosis n n n Phagocytosis also involves membrane invagination. This process does not involve](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-62.jpg)
Phagocytosis n n n Phagocytosis also involves membrane invagination. This process does not involve clathrin. Pseudopods extend around a particle, forming a phagosome. Phagosome will fuse with a lysosome, containing digestive enzymes. There are smaller transport mechanisms in the wall of the secondary lysosome.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-63.jpg)
![Costimulation Costimulation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-64.jpg)
Costimulation
![Proliferation of Helper T Cells Proliferation of Helper T Cells](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-65.jpg)
Proliferation of Helper T Cells
![n Binding of an antigen to the Bcell receptor primes the Bcell n Binding of an antigen to the B-cell receptor “primes” the B-cell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-66.jpg)
n Binding of an antigen to the B-cell receptor “primes” the B-cell
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-67.jpg)
![Proliferation of B Cells Proliferation of B Cells](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-68.jpg)
Proliferation of B Cells
![Comparison of the structure of a B cell and a plasma cell Comparison of the structure of a B cell and a plasma cell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-69.jpg)
Comparison of the structure of a B cell and a plasma cell
![AntibodyMediated Immunity n Antibodies or Immunoglobulins Ig n n Classes Ig G Ig M Antibody-Mediated Immunity n Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig) n n Classes: Ig. G, Ig. M,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-70.jpg)
Antibody-Mediated Immunity n Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig) n n Classes: Ig. G, Ig. M, Ig. A, Ig. E, Ig. D Structure n n Variable region: Part that combines with anitgenic determinant of antigen Constant region: Responsible for activities
![Actions of Antibodies Actions of Antibodies](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-71.jpg)
Actions of Antibodies
![Figure 25 11 Molecular Biology of the Cell Garland Science 2008 Figure 25 -11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-72.jpg)
Figure 25 -11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
![Antibody Production Antibody Production](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-73.jpg)
Antibody Production
![Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-74.jpg)
Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity
![Effects of Aging Little effect on lymphatic system n Decreased ability of helper T Effects of Aging Little effect on lymphatic system n Decreased ability of helper T](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-75.jpg)
Effects of Aging Little effect on lymphatic system n Decreased ability of helper T cells to proliferate in response to antigens n Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses n Decreased ability of cell-mediated immunity to resist intracellular pathogens n
![Immune System Problems Hypersensitivity reactions n Autoimmune disease n Severe combined immunodeficiency disease SCID Immune System Problems Hypersensitivity reactions n Autoimmune disease n Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-76.jpg)
Immune System Problems Hypersensitivity reactions n Autoimmune disease n Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) n Transplantation n Acute rejection n Chronic rejection n
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/52d4b75e3d1f2f9ed80a4af7d289fa8d/image-77.jpg)
Difference between acquired immunity and innate immunity
Chapter 13 lymphatic system and immunity
Chapter 16 lymphatic system and immunity
Main components of lymphatic system
Lymph tissue fluid
Lymphatic system vs endocrine system
Humoral and cell mediated immunity difference
Types of immune
Chapter 12 the lymphatic system and body defenses
Pneumocentesis vs thoracentesis
Largest lymphoid organ
Chapter 12 the lymphatic system and body defenses
Chapter 12 the lymphatic system and body defenses
Chapter 10 lymphatic system diseases and disorders
Primary vs secondary immune response
Effector mechanism of humoral immunity
Nonspecific vs specific immunity
Do mandated reporters have immunity under canra
Adaptive noise immunity
Keva immunity booster
Innate immunity examples
Innate immunity examples
Emc standard
Aids
Acquired immunity definition
Odibate
Active vs passive immunity
Non-specific immunity
Neutrophil extracellular traps
Opsonization
Cell mediated immunity
Innate immunity first line of defense
Innate immunity
Adaptative immunity
Immune cells meaning
Innate immunity first line of defense
Passive immunity
Innate immunity first line of defense
Innate immunity first line of defense
Opsonization
What is immunity
Lupus
Conclusion of immunity
Immunity assignment slideshare
Passive vs active immunity
Define immunity
Innate immunity
What is immunity
3 lines of defense immunity
Local immunity
Acquired immunity
Abbas
Galt secondary lymphoid organ
Cellular immunity
An organism develops active immunity as a result of
Naturally acquired passive immunity definition
Immunity
Keva immunity booster
Example of artificial passive immunity
Setuid
Community immunity
Chapter 24 the immune and lymphatic systems and cancer
What empties into the left subclavian vein
Lymphatic drainage of lower limb pdf
What are the function of lymphatic system
Lymphatic system
Totally tubular dude
Lymphatic system
Dorsal arch veins
Organization of the lymphatic system
Deep cervical lymph nodes drainage
Organization of the lymphatic system
Formation of lymph
Dho7
Lymphatic system organs
Exercise 38
Chapter 7:9 lymphatic system
Lumbar trunk