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What is the Lymphatic System? • • includes a network of vessels that transport fluids composed of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels, and organs and glands that produce them Main Function: - to transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces in tissues and return it to bloodstream - enables us to live in world with other organisms, some live in/on human body and may cause infectious diseases -lymphatic system launch generalized and targeted attacks against "foreign" particles, enabling the body to destroy infectious microorganism and viruses -also protects against toxins and cancer cells

Lymph - Colorless fluid made up of H 20, proteins, sugar, and fat. Lymph flows through the lymphatic pathways - It is formed when interstitial fluid is collected by lymph capillaries while the surrounding cells add or remove substances. - After going through lymph vessels and lymph nodes, it exits through the subclavian vein.

Lymphatic Vessels - Lymphatic vessels transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces between cells in most tissues & returns it to the bloodstream. - Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger vessels that empty into the circulatory system.

Lymphatic Vessels cont.

Lymphatic Pathway -Lymph formed in blood→Initial lymphatics→Collecting lymphatics→Lymph nodes→Lymphatic duct→Subclavian Veins→Back to blood.

Thymus • • • stores immature lymphocytes prepares them to become active T cells located in chest, above the heart

Adenoids (a. k. a tonsils) - Similar to lymph nodes in function. - Adenoids become enlarged due to reaction to foreign invaders. - By adulthood, most people's adenoids have disappeared.

Lymph Nodes two primary functions: - filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning to bloodstream - monitoring body fluids (immune surveillance) provided by lymphocytes and macrophages

Lymph Nodes Lymph Node - Small, bean shaped, swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered, and lymphocytes are formed. • located along lymphatic pathways • contain large amounts of lymphocytes & macrophages • vary in size & shape, usually less than 2. 5 cm long to see a realistic picture of a lymph node look on page 380

Spleen • • Largest lymphatic organ, in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, inferior to diaphragm. Resembles a lymph node. Acts primarily as a blood filter o removes old red blood cells o contains macrophages o promotes tissue healing

Lymphatic Capillaries • microscopic, closed tubes • extend into interstitial spaces • forms networks that are parallel to blood capillaries

Lymphatic Vessels • • walls are similar to veins, but thinner also have flaplike valves that prevent backflow of lymph vessels merge to form larger lymphatic trunks no central pump, and so lymph must be transported by contractions of the vessels

Lymphatic Trunks & Collecting Ducts Lymphatic trunks- drain lymph from lymphatic vessels -join one of the collecting ducts (thoracic or right lymphatic ducts) Thoracic duct - larger and longer collecting duct -recieves lymph from lower limbs & abdominal areas, left upper limb, and left side of thorax, head, and neck - empties into left subclavian vein near left jugular vein Right lymphatic duct -recieves lymph from right side of head and neck, right upper limb, and right thorax -empties into right subclavian vein near right juglar vein

Cleansing Lymphatic System - System does not have a pump & requires physical activity in order to be cleared. - Lymphatic system may also be cleaned thorough "cleansers". - effects are negotiable.

Lymphedema • • Lymphedema-chronic swelling of the limbs caused by accumulation of lymph fluid that occurs if the lymphatic system is damaged or not functioning properly. cause-surgery to remove lymph nodes secondary-medicines such as tamoxifen, to lymph nodes nolvadex, radiation therapy and injury primary-present at birth or develop during puberty or adulthood. • • symptoms- feeling of clothes and jewelry of the wrist and hands are too tight, fullness, less flexibility in hands, wrists, ankles treatments of lymphedema- include compression garments such as stockings or sleeves, proper diet and skin care, and fluid drainage elevation of arm or leg that is swelled and gentle exercise

• castleman disease Castleman disease-a rare illness that affects your lymph nodes and other immune-cell structures of your body • causes-human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) (multicentric) -also linked to development of Kaposi's sarcoma (cancerous tumor of the blood vessel walls) common in people with multicentric castleman disease may cause malfunctioning immune system cells to reproduce rapidly • symptoms- two types 1. Unicentric 2. Multicentric Unicentric- Feeling of fullness or pressure in the chest or abdomen, enlarged lump under the skin in the neck, groin or armpit, weight loss, cough, anemia Multicentric- fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, weakness, fatigue

continue of castleman disease • treatments: unicentric- 1. surgically removing the diseased lymph node 2. medications- monoclonal antibody rituximab or corticosteroids to shrink the lymph node 3. radiation therapy Multicentric- therapies including monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapy, antiviral drugs, immune modulators

• elephantiasis- infection of the lymphatic vessels causes a thickening of the skin and enlargement of underlying tissues, especially in the legs and genitals causes- obstruction of the lymph flow and possibly of blood circulation recurrent attacks of a bacterial infection = inflammation of the lymphatic vessels in Africa, may be related to the red soil on which certain barefooted populations live symptoms- an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in the tissues=severe swelling a thickened, pebbly appearance and become ulcerated and darkened treatments- Albendazole, Diethylcarbamazine, Ivermectin, Doxycycline for worm infestations, rigorous hygiene of the lymph fluid flow promotions, and surgical treatments • • •

Lymphatic Filariasis • • • a disease in which parasitic worms infiltrate the lymph system via the bite of a mosquito -about 120 million people worldwide are affected by this disease causes- infection with nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filarioidea -adult worms go into the system and disrupt the immune system, live for 6 -8 years and produce millions of microfilariae (small larvae) -transmitted by different types of mosquitos symptoms- usually unaware of illness, but could include: hardening and thickening of the skin (elephantiasis), swelling of the legs, arms, breasts and genitals

Lymphatic filariasis • treatments- albendazole plus either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine citrate mosquito control- insecticide-treated nets or indoor residual spraying chronic disabilities like elephantiasis, lymphoedema, or hydrocele are advised to maintain rigorous hygiene and take necessary precautions to prevent secondary infections

Key Terms • Lymphatic capillaries- microscopic, closed-ended tubes • lymphatic pathway-pattern of connected vessels that transport lymph • lymph nodes- mass of lymphoid tissue • lymphatic vessels- thinner than veins, have flaplike valves that help prevent backflow of lymph • lymphatic trunks- drains lymph from lymphatic vessels • thoracic duct- larger and longer collecting duct

Clinical Terms related to Lymphatic system • asplenia- absence of spleen • immunocompetence- ability to produce an immune response to antigens • lymphadenectomy- surgical removal of lymph nodes • lymphadenopathy- enlargement of lymph nodes • lymphadenotomy- incision of lymph node • lymphocytosis- too many lymphocytes in blood • lymphocytopenia- too few lymphocytes in blood • lymphoma- tumor composed of lymphatic tissue

Rapid Review How does the lymphatic system help us maintain homeostasis? Why is thymus important to our bodies? What are the main functions of the Lymphatic system? How do plasma proteins in tissue fluid after lymph formation? What are the major functions of lymph?

Test Questions How does the lymphatic system help us maintain homeostasis? Why is thymus important to our bodies? What are the main functions of the Lymphatic system? What are the general functions of the lymphatic system? Distinguish between the thoraci duct and the right lyphatic duct? What is the relationship between tissue fluid and lymph? How do plasma proteins in tissue fluid after lymph formation?

Works Cited • • " Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases | Live. Science. " Science News – Science Articles and Current Events | Live. Science. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http: //www. livescience. com/26983 -lymphatic-system. html>. "Castleman disease: Symptoms - Mayo. Clinic. com. " Mayo Clinic. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/castleman-disease/DS 01000/DSECTION=symptoms>. "Castleman disease: Treatments and drugs - Mayo. Clinic. com. " Mayo Clinic. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/castleman-disease/DS 01000/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs>. "Castleman disease: Causes - Mayo. Clinic. com. " Mayo Clinic. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/castleman-disease/DS 01000/DSECTION=causes>. "Lymph system: Medline. Plus Medical Encyclopedia. " National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002247. htm>. "Elephantiasis. " Elephantiasis. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http: //elephantiasis. freeyellow. com/>. "Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases. " livescience. com/. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 June 2013. <www. livescience. com/26983 lymphatic-system. html <-- >.