LPG as an Automotive Fuel Shell Auto Gas

LPG as an Automotive Fuel Shell Auto. Gas

What is Auto LPG ? n n n Auto LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a generic name for mixtures of hydrocarbons (mainly propane and butane) which exists as vapor under ambient conditions and can be changed into liquid state by applying moderate pressures. Energy content similar to gasoline Inherently clean burning characteristics

Environmental Benefits • Lower photo-chemical smog “ozone” forming potential (which causes cancer and respiratory problems e. g. asthma, bronchitis) • Lower Greenhouse gas emissions (primarily Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrogen oxide) (typically 10 -20%) which affect climatic change • Less urban pollution in – “air toxics” containing carcinogens and compounds that affect reproductive and neurological systems – “fine particulates” vs diesel buses and trucks (which causes cancer) – insignificant levels of sulphur dioxide, the main cause of acid rain

Pollution Effects

Comparative Environmental Impact (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Particulate Emissions (regulated) (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Unregulated Pollutants • Principally comprise Air Toxics from motor vehicles • Fine particulate matter in motor vehicle exhaust absorb toxic compounds through mixing in the exhaust stream & carrying them into lungs • US EPA estimates that mobile (car, truck, bus) sources of air toxics account for half of all cancers attributed to outdoor sources of air toxics • Some Illnesses caused by exposure: Delayed pulmonary edema, death by respiratory failure, irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney damage, birth defects during pregnancy, delayed bone formation, bone marrow damage, and decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia.

Emissions of 1, 3 -Butadiene mg/kw-h (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Emissions of Acetaldehyde mg/kw-h (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Emissions of Formaldehyde (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Emissions of Benzene (unregulated) mg/kw-h (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Safety Benefits of Autogas • Carbon steel construction • 20 times more puncture resistant than a typical gasoline tank. • Shut off device when the tank reaches 80% of its liquid capacity. • Non-toxic • Leaks are easily detected because of odorant • Installed safety devices and shut-off valves that function automatically when the fuel line ruptures. • No possibility of theft.

Safety Benefits of Autogas Crash tested LPG tanks LPG cut off in accident Tank venting Excess flow valve on tank Full crash testing If LPG runs out system switches to petrol

Auto LPG Manufacturers • • • Volvo Nissan Ford Renault Vauxhall General Motors LPG Efficiency Index : vs Mogas ~ ( 15 -25 ) % , vs Diesel ~ ( 70 -100 ) %

Auto LPG Material Benefits Reduced wear during cold starting (Petrol engines need fuel enrichment for cold starting. Excess fuel accumulates on the cylinder wall “washing” away oil and thereby accelerating wear) n Extended engine life due to absence of carbon deposits n Drivability similar to gasoline w/ negligible effect on acceleration and top speed n Reduced soot formation, reduced abrasion & chemical degradation of the oil • Higher octane number • No annoying odor n

Mar-02 Feb-02 Jan-02 Dec-01 Nov-01 Oct-01 Sep-01 Jul 01 Aug-01 Jun-01 May-01 Apr-01 Mar-01 Feb-01 9 Jan-01 21 Dec-00 Nov-00 Oct-00 Sep-00 Aug-00 3 Jul-00 Jun-00 May-00 Apr-00 Mar-00 Feb-00 Jan-00 Price Comparison ULG vs LPG 2000 to 2002 Peso per liter Unleaded 18 15 12 LPG 6 ULG / LPG Delta = 26% ave. 0

Auto LPG Material Benefits 200 194 Kms. On Autogas 150 167 kms. On Unleaded 100 Average distance a car will travel on P 300 of fuel (2002)

Auto LPG Financial Benefits Maintenance Items Gasoline (kms. ) Spark Plug Replacement Oil Change Oil Filter Engine Overhaul 18, 000 10, 000 200, 000 LPG (kms. ) 75, 000 20, 000 -30, 000 400, 000 PESO Savings (Php per unit/mo. ) 60. 38 104. 00 32. 5 162. 50 Additional Costs Filter Kit Net Maintenance Savings na 110, 000 62. 50 296. 88

Auto LPG Financial Benefits Cebu Case Distance per day 250 kms Days in a month 26 days Petrol Consumption 11. 00 ltrs/100 kms Autogas Consumption 12. 65 ltrs. /100 kms. Monthly Savings per car Annual Savings per car Conversion Kit Cost Payback in years Unleaded Gasoline Autogas Delta Fuel 967. 95 11, 615. 43 18, 000. 00 1. 55 1 Year 6 mos 21. 24 16. 32 30% W/ Maintenance 1, 264. 83 15, 177. 97 18, 000. 00 1. 19 1 Year 2 mos

Auto LPG Financial Benefits Without tax Distance per day 250 kms Days in a month 26 days Petrol Consumption 11. 00 ltrs/100 kms Autogas Consumption 12. 65 ltrs. /100 kms. Monthly Savings per car Annual Savings per car Conversion Kit Cost Payback in years Unleaded Gasoline Autogas Delta Fuel 2, 346. 87 28, 162. 39 18, 000. 00 0. 64 7 mos 21. 24 14. 64 45. 02% W/ Maintenance 2, 643. 74 31, 724. 32 18, 000. 00 0. 57 6 mos

Fuel Price Comparative Analysis + 8% + 30% Philippines ØUpdated 2002 figures lpg +41%% Greece diesel +72%% +8% % NZ uld +79% +61%% Italy +104%% - 17 % Sri Lanka +126 % + 118% Turkey +197% + 151 % + 148 % Australia + 212 % HK 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1 LPG Efficiency Index : vs Mogas ~ ( 15 -25 ) % , vs Diesel ~ ( 70 -100 ) % + 412 % 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6

Performance / Track Record • Through 3 rd generation on vehicle fuel injection systems LPG performance can match or better conventional fuels • No sluggishness or reduction in power with cold starts as for petrol & diesel • Higher octane (e. g. typically ULG has 92, propane 104) leads to higher engine power output. • Higher octane also gives smoother combustion. No additives required to improve performance • Proven technology & track record and experience as a transport fuel e. g. >40 years in Netherlands & Italy

Auto LPG Use Norway Finland Sweden Denmark Holland Ireland UK Germany. Poland Belgium Czech France Italy Portugal. Spain Romania Hungary. Bulgaria Greece Russia Canada USA Tunisia Algeria Mexico Turkey China Iran India S Korea Japan Hong Kong Thailand Sri Lanka Malaysia Paraguay Australia South Africa Used in > 40 countries Source: 1999 WLGPA Published Autogas Statistics New Zealand

Fuel Comparative Analysis Vehicle Range Weight of Fuel and Tank (kg) Fuel Volume (liters) Storing Pressure (psig) Refuelling Time (mins) Refilling Site Investment (Php) Equipment Gasoline 100% LPG 74% 70 75 90 102 120 CNG 25% 288 302 3, 000 3 10 1. 5 M 5 M Tank, Pump, Supply pipeline Dispenser access, high pressure compressor, dispenser LPG has a lot of advantages over CNG Source : Automotive LPGas Report by the World LPGas Assoc. 1998

Why Auto LPG? n Technology proven and available n conversion kits available for OEM and secondary market § LPG supply infrastructure in place § more than 150 supply points natiowide § excess storage capacity and long on supply § fuel supply infrastructure can readily support Auto. LPG

Why Auto Gas? LPG major terminals & filling plants Metro Manila: >150 sites nationwide AROUND Shell Pandacan : 2000 LA UNION Petron : 700 Shell : 900 Petron Pasig 760 Caltex Pasig Petron Cavite 1120 BICOL Petron BATAAN Petron : 3, 160 Liquigaz : 12, 500 : 540 : : 390 CEBU Petron : 1, 350 Shell : 380 (Pryce +900 by 2001) PANAY ISLANDS Shell : 700 Petron : 260 Pryce : 900 NEGROS ISLAND Shell : 800 Petron : 280 Pryce : 900 : Shell Petron Caltex Pryce Liquigaz Petronas Total Gas Nation LEYTE ISLAND Petron : 240 Pryce : 900 Shell : 500 SO. LUZON COAST Petron : 3, 160 Caltex : 3, 160 SGE : 45, 000 (w/ 15% Total) Nation : 600 +1000 this yr. PALAWAN Petron : 190 l l l l ZAMBOANGA Petron : 190 Pryce : 500 GEN. SANTOS Petron : 320 NORTH MINDANAO Pryce Balingasag : 2, 000 Shell Villanueva : 300+1, 000 Petron : 640 Petronas Iligan : 2, 000 DAVAO Shell : 580+500 Petron : 430 Pryce : 2, 500

Conversion Kit Diagram

Conversion Kit Diagram - EFI

Why Auto LPG?

Largest Auto LPG Markets - Vehicles source : World LPGas Assoc. Report 1998

Largest Auto LPG Markets - Gas source : World LPGas Assoc. Report 1998

Other Case Studies Hongkong § 500, 000 vehicles § 18, 000 taxis, diesel powered and SAR Government legislates all taxis to convert to Auto LPG by 2006 § 2001 SAR Government initiating Auto LPG trials on buses and minibuses Australia § § § 20 million people, 10 million vehicles 4 -5% vehicles on autogas (= 0. 5 mn) In 1999 worth 1. 2 mn tonnes or 2000 mn litres 3, 300 Autogas filling sites 97% all taxis already on autogas

Other Case Studies Australia Auto LPG Volume Annual consump. x 1000 tonnes (Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)

Government Lobbying n n Removal of P 1. 63/liter autogas tax Zero or low duty on conversion kits = Lower Auto LPG pump prices/ lower conversion invesment = Faster Conversion Payback = More Conversions and cleaner air

Added Services Mechanic/ car-care short training program n Occupational and Health Hazards training seminar n Product Knowledge, handling and safety seminar n

Government Lobbying Some Initiatives: • Tricycle Conversion Program Initiated by Clean Air Manila • Autogas for LPG fleets initiated by Shell • Conversion of buses and jeepneys to Autogas instead of rebuilding • Norkis Autogas program • Baguio project to convert Cars to Autogas • Approaching OEM manufacturers (Nissan, Toyota)

Information Sources n n Liquified Petroleum Gas as an Automotive Fuel- An Environmental and Technical Perspective. The Peter Anyon Report, Australia, August 1998 Automotive LPGas, Today’s Fuel for a Cleaner Tomorrow, World LPGas Association, France, 1998 Automotive LPG- Today’s Fuel For a Cleaner Tomorrow, World LPG Forum, France, 1995 Auto LPG: Engine & Equipment Developments. Presentation by Shell International, 23 May 1995 Hong Kong Useful Websites § www. alpga. asn. au § www. autogas. co. uk § www. autogaschallenge. com. au