LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Germany Japan LOW POPULATION

LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Factors and Causes High cost of raising children Improved education

Improved education of women • Longer time spent in education • Building of career

Preference for small families • Culture has less influence due to modernization • Couples

Singlehood • Women choose to remain single • Difficulties in finding partners • Carefree

High cost of raising children • High cost of living • Having children could

LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Consequences Reduced or smaller workforce Less income or revenue for

Reduced or smaller workforce • Shortage of manpower • Reliance on foreign workers

Less income or revenue for the government • Less tax payers = reduced income

Smaller defence force • Inadequate defence force – weaken a country

Ageing population • Lower resident old age support ratio • Working population needs to

The proportion of the elderly (65 years old and above) is rising as compared

LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Solutions e’s r o p a g Sin le p

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LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Germany Japan

LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Factors and Causes High cost of raising children Improved education of women Preference for small families Singlehood

Improved education of women • Longer time spent in education • Building of career before marriage

Preference for small families • Culture has less influence due to modernization • Couples delay having children due to lifestyle reasons

Singlehood • Women choose to remain single • Difficulties in finding partners • Carefree lifestyle

High cost of raising children • High cost of living • Having children could hamper quality of life

LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Consequences Reduced or smaller workforce Less income or revenue for the government Ageing population Smaller defence force

Reduced or smaller workforce • Shortage of manpower • Reliance on foreign workers

Less income or revenue for the government • Less tax payers = reduced income for govt. • High cost of social and medical services

Smaller defence force • Inadequate defence force – weaken a country

Ageing population • Lower resident old age support ratio • Working population needs to pay increased taxes • More health care and services needed

Working Population vs Ageing Population

The proportion of the elderly (65 years old and above) is rising as compared to the proportion of young people $ $$ How does this affect the country?

LOW POPULATION GROWTH RATE Solutions e’s r o p a g Sin le p m a x E Cash incentives to encourage more children Special HDB housing incentives Increase foreign workers Increase retirement age

BABY BONUS

SPECIAL HDB INCENTIVES

INCREASE FOREIGN WORKERS

INCREASE RETIREMENT AGE