Louis XIV the Great 1638 1715 6 1

Louis XIV, “the Great” (1638 -1715) (6 -1 -2） 路易十四 n Louis XIV, “the Great”(1638 -1715), King of France (1643 -1715). After 1661, he established personal rule. He said “I am the State. ” In a series of wars France increase her territory, but was left financially exhausted. His court was the most magnificent in Europe.

The palace of Versailles 凡尔赛宫(6 -1 -3） Versailles, 19 km. southwest of Paris. The palace of Versailles, long the model of royal and princely magnificence throughout Europe , was built (1661 -86) for Louis XIV, as residence, court, and seat of government in French classical style.

Louis XV（1710 -74） 路易十五（6 -1 -4） n king of France(1715 -74). The financial strain of wars and the excesses of court alienated growing numbers of intellectuals. His best-known remark was “ After me, the Deluge. ”

Louis XVI(1754 -93) 路易十六（6 -1 -5） He “was a shy, wellmeaning man, who liked to hunt better than to occupy himself with affaires of State. ” French intervention in the American War caused virtual bankruptcy and led to the summoning of the Estates General (1789) for the first time since 1614. He was deposed (1792), found guilty of treason, and guillotined.

The Enlightenment 启蒙运动·（6 -2 -1） An intellectual movement of 18 th c. Europe which questioned traditional beliefs and prejudices, esp. in religion, and emphasized the primacy of reason and strict scientific method. n It was represented in Germany esp. by Lessing, in England by Locke, Hume and Newton, In France by Voltaire, Diderot, d’Albert and the Encyclopedists.

Montesquieu (1689 -1755) 孟德斯鸠 （6 -2 -1 ） n French writer. His “Persian Letters”(1721) satirized contemporary social and political institutions in France and brought him immediate fame. His greatest work “The Spirit of the Law ’ (1748), dealing with the nature of the state and science of law, had much influence on later political thinking.

Voltaire(1694 -1778) 伏尔泰（6 -2 -2） n French man of letters, historian and philosopher. His prose tales were vehicles for social and political satire. His philosophical work influenced European thought for generations. He was the foremost propagandist for the leading ideas of the 18 th c. It has been said that he fostered not a revolutionary proletariat but an ungovernable middle class. He has been accepted as one of the world’s great men partly because of force of his personality.

Diderot (1713 -84) 狄德罗 n （6 -2 -3） French writer. His direction of the ‘Encyclopedia’ was among his greatest achievements. With his powerful intelligence , wide interests and verve, he incarnated ( 体现）the spirit of the 18 th c. ; with his lively imagination and keen sensibility he was a precursor(先驱） of Romanticism.

Rousseau（1712 -78）卢梭（6 -2 -4） n A man of volatile (易变的） emotions but keen mind, he rebelled many dominant values of his time and quarrelled with a striking number of contemporaries, e. g. Voltaire, Diderot and Hume. In the ‘Social Contract’ he developed a theory of the state based on a contract by which free individuals freely entrust a part of their freedom to the body politic. His political ideas played an important part in the development of modern democracy.

The Tennis Court Oath（20 June 1789) 网球厅宣誓（6 -2 -5） The oath taken by the third estate that they would not separate until they had given France a constitution.

Storming of Bastille 巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱 （1789. 7. 14） （6 -3 -1） n Bastille: a former state prison in Paris, built 136983 and now completely demolished. The (14 July 1789) by the citizens of Paris was a symbol the destruction of absolute royal power and it is still celebrated as a national

The Constitutional Monarchist Marquis de Lafayette (1575 -1834) 拉法耶特（6 -4 -1） n French general and statesman. He helped the revolutionists in America (1777 -82) and commanded the National Guard in two French Revolutions(178992. 1830)as a liberal monarchist.

The Constitutional Monarchist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (1748 -1836)西耶士（6 -4 -2） n French statesman, he emerged as a leader of the third estate with his pamphlet ‘What is the Third Estate? ’. (1789) He was a member of the Directory and of the Consulate.

The Constitutional Monarchist Mirabeau 米拉波(1749 -91) （6 -4 -3） n French revolutionist and statesman. He was elected to the State General as a deputy for the third estate. His oratory quickly made him a leader of the French Revolution, but he tried constantly to create a constitutional monarchy, and from May 1790 was in the

Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 (1) Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 《人权宣言》（6 -4 -4） 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. 2. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. ······ All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.

Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 (2) （6 -4 -5） n 7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. ······ n 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

Girondists 吉伦特派(6 -5 -1) n A political group of moderate republicans in the French Revolution , so called because the central members were deputies of the Gironde dept.

Girondists 吉伦特派· 布里索（65 -2） Girondist leaders advocated continental war. Led at first by Jacques Brissot de Warville (1754 -93). Representative of the educated, provincial middle class of the provinces, they were lawyers, journalists, and merchants who desired a constitutional government.

路易 16被推上断头台（6 -5 -3） n Louis XI was Guillotined in Jan. 21. 1793, so was his wife later.

Guillotine 断头台（6 -5 -4） n n Miniature Guillotine This miniature guillotine reproduces the life-size French invention of the eighteenth c. used during the French Revolution.

Jacobine 雅各宾派(6 -6 -1) n A member of a political club of the French Revolution, founded (May 1789) among the deputies at Versailles, and taking its name from the former monastery()in Paris where it met from Oct. 1789. Led by Robespierre, the club became increasingly radical, overthrew the Girondists (1793) and instituted the Terror.

Marat (1743 -93), 雅各宾派·马 拉（6 -6 -2） French revolutionist. He founded an extreme radical newspaper and was elected (1792) to the Convention where he helped to overthrow the Girondists. His inflammatory(煽动性的） articles helped to incite the September massacre. He was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday.

Danton(1759 -94), 雅各宾派·丹 敦（6 -6 -3） French revolutionist. A founder of Cordelires Club(1790) and of the Committee of Public Safety(1793), he organized the defence of France against Prussians. As minister of Justice (1792 -94) by his eloquence and political skill he became a rival to Robespierre, who overthrow him. He was guillotined.

Robespierre (1758 -94) 雅各宾派 · 罗伯斯庇尔（6 -6 -4） n A provincial lawyer. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety（July 1793 July 1794) he was virtual dictator of France, establishing the Terror, and eliminating his rivals Hebert and Danton. His measures, based on the doctrines Rousseau became increasingly extremist. He was overthrown and executed in the coup detat of Thermidor(1794，热月政变）

Napoleon’s Empire

The Directory 督政府的统治 （1795 -1799） （6 -7 -1） n the body of five which held executive power 1795 -99 during the French Revolution.

The Consulate 1804） （6 -7 -2） n n Consulate: The French government 10 Nov. 1799 -18 May 1804. 执政府的统治（1799 - n Originally a threeman government, it was rapidly dominated by Napoleon, who became first consul for life (1802) and emperor (1804)。

Napoleon Bonaparte(1769 -1821) 拿破仑 (6 -8 -1) A Corsican, he was educated at military schools in France, and entered the French army(1785). He welcomed the French Revolution. In 1799 he overthrew the Directory in the coup d’etat of Brumaire and rapidly established a dictatorship with himself as first consul(1799 -1804). In 1804 he was proclaimed emperor of France, and in 1814 abdicated and was exiled to Elba, but returned during the Hundred Days. After his final defeat at Waterloo (1815) he was sent to St. Helena, where he was kept prisoner until his death.

the Napoleonic wars （1803 -1815） (6 -82) n As a military genius Napoleon first distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon(1793) and was displayed in his command (1796 -97) of Italian campaign. During the Napoleonic wars (1803 -1815) Napoleon gained a series of brilliant victories. The weakness of Napoleon’s Empire was first shown in the Peninsular War (1808 -14), and in his disastrous invasion of of Russia(1812).

Napoleon’s coronation （1804） 拿破仑加冕 n (6 -8 -3) Napoleon’s coronation takes place in the Cathedral of Notre Dame (巴黎圣母院）in 1804. Napoleon, standing before the Pope, took the crown, crowned himself, and then crowned Josephine, who is kneeling before him.

Napoleon married Marrie. Louise 拿破仑的婚姻(6 -8 -4) n In 1796 Napoleon married Josephine. His first marriage was annulled, and in 1810 Napoleon married Marrie - Louise.

Napoleonic Code n The Civil Code , enacted in 1804, was the most important of the codes Napoleon enacted. It has been well described as “the summary and the correction of the French Revolution. ” Later at St. Helena, Napoleon himself said, “My glory chiefly consists, not in having won forty battles, but in having established the Civil Code. ”

Napoleon’s Empire 拿破仑帝国 (6 -8 -5) By 1808 Napoleon controlled nearly all the continental Europe.

The Battle of Waterloo: 滑铁卢战役(6 -8 -6) The final action (18 June 1815) of the Napoleonic wars, fought near the Belgian village of Waterloo. Napoleon was defeated by the British and Prussia armies under Wellington and Brucher.