LOGICAL CONNECTIVES LOGICAL CONNECTIVES 1 Structure can be

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES 1. Structure can be linked in a number of ways, such as and, or, but. And is a general purpose link (a) Passenger liners carry passengers. (b) Passenger liners carry cargo. (a)+(b) Passenger liners carry passengers and cargo * Here it means they carry both and suggests at the same time.

2. Or adds an alternative (a) Cargo liners are designed to carry containerized cargoes. (b) Cargo liners are designed to carry conventional cargoes. (a)+(b) Cargo liners are designed to carry containerized cargoes or conventional cargoes If and were used here would suggest ‘at the same time’

3. But suggests contrast or the addition of something unexpected (a) Merchant ships are classified by type and trade (b) Warships are classified by type and size (a)+(b) Merchant ships are classified by type and trade but Warships are classified by type and size.

Join the following groups of sentences using and, or, but, as appropriate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A cadet can trains as a deck officer. A cadet can trains as an engineer officer. The ship was old. The ship was is good condition. Passenger liners carry passengers. Passenger liners carry some cargo. Tankers usually operate as specialized vessel. Tankers usually operate as tramps. Merchant ships are designed to carry liquid cargo. Merchant ships are designed to carry dry cargo. Warships are designed for speed. Warships are designed for manoeuvrability.

Join the following groups of sentences using and, or, but, as appropriate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A cadet can trains as a deck officer or an engineer officer. The ship was old but she was is good condition. Passenger liners carry passengers and some cargo. Tankers usually operate as specialized vessel, but they usually operate as tramps. Merchant ships are designed to carry liquid cargo or dry cargo. Warships are designed for speed and manoeuvrability.

Sometimes, the linking of two structures can be made more complete by putting a word before the connecting word. This tells us to expect an addition or an alternative a little later. Examples: : both…and…; not only…but also… Some carry both passengers and cars. Some carry not only passengers but also cars. v Alternatives : either…or… ; neither…nor…. (negative) Merchant ships are designed to carry either liquid or dry cargo the sailor had neither money nor his passport. v Addition

Rewrite the sentences using above pairs of connecting words as appropriate, but still keeping the original meaning: 1. He failed the practical exam and the written exam. 2. A cadet can trains as a deck officer or an engineer officer. 3. The crew saved the ship and the cargo. 4. They had no food and no water for two days. 5. Some ferries carry passengers and vehicles. 6. Merchant ships operate as tramps or liners.

Rewrite the sentences using above pairs of connecting words as appropriate, but still keeping the original meaning: 1. He failed the practical exam and the written exam. 2. A cadet can trains as a deck officer or an engineer officer. 3. The crew saved the ship and the cargo. 4. They had no food and no water for two days. 5. Some ferries carry passengers and vehicles. 6. Merchant ships operate as tramps or liners.

BECAUSE; THEREFORE; HOWEVER q Because gives the reason or cause (a) (b) (a)+(b) q Multi-deck vessels have ‘tween decks. ‘Tween decks help stowage. Multi-deck vessels have ‘tween decks because these help stowage. Therefore expresses consequence or result