Locomotion Locomotion n The act or power of

Locomotion

Locomotion: n The act or power of moving from place to place

Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Motile = The ability to move from place to place Sessile = Lacking the ability to move on their own or being stationary Muscle contraction = How muscles exert force, by shortening Exoskeleton = Skeleton on the outside of the body Endoskeleton = Skeleton on the inside of the body Pseudopods = Temporary projection of the cell surface Cilia = Short hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmically Flagella = Larger hair-like fibers, usually only 1 or 2 per cell Setae = Tiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm

Advantages for Locomotion n It is easier to get food n It its easier to find shelter n An organism can move away from dangerous conditions or predators n It is easier to find mates and reproduce

Locomotion in the Deep Sea http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gtj_JSl. KXg. Y

Adaptations in Locomotion

Locomotion in Protists n. Amoeba n. Paramecium n. Euglena

Amoeba n n n An organism moves when the cytoplasm moves into or out of the pseudopods This movement is also seen in white blood cells This movement is also known as amoeboid movement

To see an amoeba move… http: //www. biophysik. uni-bremen. de/radmacher/animations/amoeba. html http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Nb 6 MUF-B 5 Y http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=W 6 rnhi. Mxt. KU&NR=1

Paramecium cilia beating rhythmically n They move quicker than amoeba n Paramecium move by

To see a paramecium move… http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Wdv 9 e. Yt. XSp. E http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l 9 yma. Szcsd. Y&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Euglena n n Euglena moves by one long, thin structure called a flagella Whip-like movements pull it through the water http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=QGAm 6 h. Mys. TA&NR=1

Locomotion in the Earthworm Outer and inner layers of muscles shorten and lengthen the body n Setae hook the ground in order for the body to push and pull forward n

To see an earthworm move… http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o. H 8 NMYi 7 qqw http: //www. teachertube. com/view. Video. php? video_id=55812 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nz. Sv. NNRw. Gnc

Locomotion in the Grasshopper n n n Exoskeleton divided into plates to allow movement 3 pair of jointed legs First 2 pair used for walking Powerful third pair used for jumping 2 pair of wings for flying

To see a grasshopper move… http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cev. L 1 RWcmq. Q

The Skeletal System

Bones and Cartilage Bones n Are a type of connective tissue n Act as an attachment for muscles n Give the body shape and support n Protect the body’s organs n Serve as a storage area for minerals (calcium) n Produce red and white blood cells in the marrow (soft inside) n True red marrow produces red blood cells n The periosteum is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone. n Two types of bone tissue n Spongy - light weight but adds strength to bone n Compact – more dense and stores minerals (calcium)

Bones and Cartilage n Is a type of connective tissue that bends easily n Most of the skeleton of an embryo is cartilage n In adults, it only remains in the joints, the n ears, the nose and at the end of the ribs Cushions the joints

The Human Skeleton n 206 bones n Two main parts n The axial skeleton n The appendicular skeleton

The Axial Skeleton Made up of n n Cranium (skull) Vertebral column (backbone) Sternum (breast bone) Rib cage

The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle: n n Arm bones Wrist and hand bones Scapula (shoulder blades) Clavicles (collar bones) Pelvic girdle: n n n Pelvis Leg bones Ankle and foot bones

Joints n n n The place where bones meet is called a joint Some are immovable (i. e. . the skull) Most are moveable

Joints Moveable joints: 1. Hinge = elbow and knee 2. Ball-and-Socket = shoulder and hip 3. Pivot = base of the skull 4. Gliding joint = wrists

Ligaments n Attaches bone to bone

Tendons n Attach muscles to bones

Remember… Ligaments attach bone to bone Tendons attach muscles to bone

The Human Muscular System Muscles can exert force when they contract, or shorten. n When they contract, they move the parts of the skeleton (bones) they are attached to. n

The Human Muscular System There are three types of muscles: 1. Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) 2. Smooth muscle (muscles of the organs and blood vessels) 3. Skeletal muscles (muscles that move your skeleton bones)

Cardiac Muscle that makes up the heart n These muscles are involuntary n (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

Smooth muscles n n Found in the walls of internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and the diaphragm These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

Skeletal muscles n n n Voluntary muscles – you do have control of the movement They are fastened to the bones of the skeleton Muscle cells fuse together to form muscle fibers

Skeletal muscles n Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons

Skeletal muscles n n There is always a certain amount of tone in the skeletal muscles – even at rest. Skeletal muscles are in a state of readiness known as muscle tone

Skeletal muscles Muscles can only pull, they cannot push n Muscles move a joint in antagonistic n pairs

On one side of the joint, the muscle flexes (contacts) while the other side of the joint extends (relaxes) The biceps contract The triceps relax