Local Lexical Elements in Jakarta Indonesian Uri Tadmor

Local Lexical Elements in Jakarta Indonesian Uri Tadmor Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Origin of Betawi Malay Two theories: • Malay dialect: Direct continuation of Proto Malayic (Nothofer, Collins, Adelaar) • Creole: Developed locally from a form of Bazaar Malay (Prentice, Grijns, Ikranagara)

History of the Betawi ethnic group • Kelapa Sunda/Jayakarta (before 1619): Mostly Sundanese population with Javanese royalty and aristocracy • Batavia (17 th c. ): No Sundanese and Javanese allowed to reside in city. Largest ethnic groups: Balinese, Chinese • 18 th c. (to present): Large influx of Sundanese and Javanese (and smaller numbers of others, including Malays)

Hypothesis on the formation of the Betawi ethnic group • 17 th c. : Inter-marriage between Chinese men and Balinese women • 18 th-19 th c. : Admixture of mostly Sundanese and Javanese; conversion to Islam; emergence of new ethnic group

Hypothesis on the formation of Betawi Malay • 17 th-18 th c. : Pidgin/Bazaar Malay (cf. Woordenboek 1780) • 18 th-19 th c. : Creolization (cf. Shuchardt 1891) • 19 th-20 th c. : Decreolization (influence of Javanese, Sundanese, Standard Malay) Evidence for origin: • Culture: Food, dress, music, etc. • Language: Mostly lexicon

Kinship terms among ethnic Betawi • Father: babé < Arabic • Mother: nyaq < Mandarin or. . . • babé < babah ‘term of address for a Chinese man’ • nyaq < nyonya ‘term of address for the wife of a Chinese man’

• Grandfather: engkong < Hokkien ang-kong ‘grandfather’ • Grandmother: nénék < Balinese nénék (Classical Malay nini) • Parent’s older sibling: encang • Parent’s younger sibling: encing (Both Chinese, precise source words unindetified)

• Older brother: abang (dialect borrowing—source? ) • Older sister: empoq (< *[m]pu + final glottalization and vowel lowering; direct source? ) • Younger sibling: adéq (Malay)

Kinship terms currently used by ethnic Chinese in Jakarta • Father: papa (< Dutch) • Mother: mama (< Dutch) • Grandfather: akong (< Hokkien) • Grandmother: maq (< Hokkien)

Parents’ siblings: • Many different terms (oo, ii, kuku, etc. ), but crucially not encang and encing Siblings: • Older brother: koko (< Hokkien) • Older sister: cici (< Hokkien) • Younger sibling: adik (< Malay)

Prototypical pronouns: Ethnic Betawi 1 st person Singular Plural gué kité 2 nd person 3 rd person lu diyé -

Prototypical pronouns: Ethnic Chinese 1 st person Singular gua 2 nd person 3 rd person lu diya Plural kita / kita orang lu orang diya orang

Prototypical pronouns: Jakarta Indonesian. Singular Plural 1 st person aku kita 2 nd person kamu kalian 3 rd person dia meréka

Prototypical possessive constructions • Ethnic Betawi: • Jakarta Chinese: • Jakarta Indonesian: rumah Budi punya rumahnya Budi

Pragmatic particles • • • Traditional Malay: lah, pun, pula (rarely used) Malay-derived: nih, tuh, kan, yuk Javanese: koq, ah, sih Sundanese: mah Balinese: dong

The Loanword Typology Project A collaborative project coordinated by the Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. In this project, we study lexical borrowing patterns in about 40 languages from around the world. Each language is the responsibility of a single author, an expert in the language and its history. For each language, lexical data is collected based on a list of 1460 meanings.

The Loanword Typology Project The results of the projects will be published in two volumes, one with general findings, the other with case studies; the consolidated database will be included in an electronic form. The aim is to provide a systematic basis for claims about borrowability and borrowing patterns, as well as about grammatical, social, and cultural conditions for borrowing. The lexical meanings include all those on the list of the Intercontinental Dictionary Series, another MPI EVA project.

Balinese (4) • • bianglala menénténg lindung samping the rainbow to carry in hand the freshwater eel the side Javanese (33) • • • caplak jénggot ketombé usus cérét jagung singkong jamur kapan the flea the beard the dandruff the intestines or guts the kettle the maize/corn the cassava/manioc the mushroom when?

• • • • paron timbal merintih mengerti Kapan warga(negara) kali rembulan wanita bocah bapak mertua ibu mertua leluhur bréwok kerongkongan kéték the anvil the lead to groan to understand when? the citizen the river or stream the moon the woman the child(1) the father-in-law the mother-in-law the ancestors the beard the throat the armpit

• • • blangkon payudara terpelését gagasan konyol menyulut enggak/nggak lonté ani-ani the headband or headdress the breast to slide or slip the idea stupid to light no the prostitute the sickle (actually k. o. small reaping knife) • Sundanese (3) • monyét • kelapa • situ the monkey the coconut the lake (man-made)

• Balinese/Javanese (10) • • • cerobong (asap) jongkok gembok kuping merica terwélu kerudung cangklong penanggalan langsing jambut the chimney to crouch the padlock the ear the pepper the rabbit the veil the pipe the calendar thin the pubic hair

• Javanese/Sundanese (58) • • • • bayi sapi banténg kodok kadal jambut capék panci séndok sarapan adonan kentang pacul membabat panén the baby the cattle the ox the frog the lizard the pubic hair tired the pot the spoon the breakfast the dough the potato the spade to mow the harvest

• • • • • jeruk menggebrak menétés menyemprot pojok énténg gampang mencegah bénténg rayap mertua pesisir (ayam) jago kalong (burung) bétét tawon kéong buntut the citrus fruit to pound to drip to splash the corner light(1) easy to prevent the fortress the termites the parents-in-law the shore the cock/rooster the bat the parrot the bee the snail the tail

• • • • • berjogét menggéndong merangkul kembang gula kontol pilek panci (goréng) gubuk gréndél obor separo kecut kagét pintar goblok bégo gara-gara to dance to carry to embrace the candy/sweets the penis the cold the pan the hut the latch or door-bolt the lamp or torch the half sour surprised or astonished clever stupid because

• • prajurit soto paceklik memencét ngobrol mengguyur romo gapura the soldier the soup the famine to press to speak or talk to splash the priest the door or gate • Balinese/Javanese/Sundanese (29) • • paman bibi duda bébék jempol pusar arit the uncle the aunt the widower the duck the thumb the navel the sickle or scythe

• • • • • mengocok pajak garis mirip soré sepi empuk désa tanpa bunglon keponakan iga mengungsi mengoméli menuding taméng céléng to shake the tax the line similar the afternoon quiet soft the village without the chameleon the sibling’s child the rib to flee to scold to accuse the shield the boar

• • • Sabuk témbok kembang wangi ngomong the belt the wall the flower fragrant to speak or talk • Old Javanese (11) • • • bapa/bapak ibu meréka warna belajar mengajar pasti ratu jawawut merusak mengantar(kan) the father the mother they the colour/color to learn to teach certain the queen the millet or sorghum to damage to bring

• Minangkabau (4) • • kalian kumuh dangkal gadis you (plural) dirty shallow (older form) the girl (older form) • Madurese (1) • celurit/clurit the sickle or scythe • Toba Batak (1) • marga the clan

• Unidentified sources (5) • • • binatang the animal pusut the awl nokén the netbag [me]ngendus to sniff pesakitan the captive or prisoner