Local Governance and Public Provision Nadu India C

Local Governance and Public Provision Nadu, India C. RAMASAMY Vice-Chancellor S. D. SIVAKUMAR K. UMA Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, India Tamil

PRESENTATION – in brief • History and development of Local Governance (Panchayats) • About the project in TNAU - IFPRI • Focus of this paper • Impact of improved local governance

Local Governance - Genesis • 1687 • 1882 • 1925 • 1935 - British formed the first municipal corporation in Madras - Ripon Resolution elevated the role of local administration - Eight provinces in British India adopted the reforms – Madras, Bombay, Bengal, Central provinces and Berar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Assam - Government of India Act allowed provincial autonomy, facilitating the evolution of Grama Panchayats

Local Governance - Committees • Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, 1959 • Ashok Mehta Committee, 1977 • 73 rd Amendment 1992 – Establishment of Panchayat Raj in India

73 rd Amendment – Key Features • • Three tier sytem Panchayat in all villages in every State Grama Sabha in each village Direct election Seats for socially under privileged and women Uniform five year term Preparing plans and implementing schemes for social justice and economic development • State government authorizes Panchayat to collect tax • State Finance Commission for Panchayats • State Election Commission

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE – Tamil Nadu Village Panchayats 12617 Panchayat Unions 385 Chairman 385 Presidents 12617 Ward Members 97398 Women District Panchayats 28 Members 6499 33 % Socially backward Chairman 28 Members 648 20 %

GRAMA PANCHAYAT Grama Panchayat Grama sabha Eligibility 6 - 12 elected representatives President Vice-President Persons in village registered in electoral rolls Age : above 21 years Registered as voters Mentally sound Not disqualified under any law

Cont’d… Tenure 5 years Dissolution allowed Reconstitute within 6 months Meetings Once in a month

Finance TAXES AND LEVIES • House Tax • Profession Tax • Tax on agricultural land for specific purpose • Advertisement Tax • Licensing fee for building plan and lay out approval • Fees and charges on D and O trades, market fee, water charges, fees on cart-stand • Other sources like revenue from social forestry, fishery rental, income from market, fairs, ferries, fines and penalties etc.

ASSIGNED AND SHARED REVENUES • Local cess • Surcharge on stamp duty • Entertainment tax (70% share) • Seignorage charges on mines and minerals

GRANTS • Grants provided by Finance Commission, Government of India • State Finance Commission Grant • Development grants JGSY, IAY and CRSP under schemes like

Powers and • Functions • • Obligatory functions – basic amenities Discretionary Functions Developmental Functions Regulatory and Administrative Function Judicial Functions

FUNCTIONS OF GRAMA SABHA Approves • Village plan • Village panchayat budget • Audit report on village panchayat • List of beneficiaries for various programmes • Locations of facilities to be created in the village

FUNCTIONS OF GRAMA SABHA • Review works executed by the village panchayat and scrutinise the list of works undertaken for the year • Promotes communal and social harmony among various groups of people in the village • Mobilises voluntary labour and contribution in cash and kind for implementation of various development programmes

LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TAMIL NADU PI Co PIs Dr. Dr. C. Ramasamy N. Raveendaran S. D. Sivakumar K. Uma Funded by IFPRI, Washington

OBJECTIVES • to examine the structure and functions of local governance (PRIs) in Tamil Nadu; to analyse the vertical and horizontal relationships between local bodies and administrative units; to study of the processes of local governance and implementation of development programmes to study the extent of empowerment of local leaders and their effectiveness in development planning and implementation;

Cont’d • to assess the gaps in knowledge and training needs of elected representatives in financial and personnel management and implementation of development programmes. to assess the impact of local governance on development of rural infrastructure and social development; to assess the impact of local governance on quality of life of rural people and the to identify the constraints encountered by local leaders in better governance.

WORK DONE • SAMPLING DESIGN DISTRICTS SELECTED Coimbatore Well developed region Vellore Moderately developed region Pudukottai Less developed region In each district Four Panchayat Unions – simple random sampling In each Panchayat union 12 Village Panchayats - simple random sampling ( with proportionate representation for Women Presidents and reserved Panchayats)

Cont’d DATA COLLECTED IN VILLAGE PANCHAYAT By Personal Interview Panchayat President Councilors Voters Two Ten Focus Group Discussion Secondary data Infrastructure development Income and Expenditure Profile of the President and Councilors

FOCUS OF THE PAPER Local governance and infrastructure development linkages to poverty reduction

Expenditure in Selected Panchayats (Rs. in hundred thousands) Account Developed region Moderately developed region 19911992 2004 -2005 Less developed region 2004 -2005 1991 -1992 20042005 Own funds 4. 8 (5. 4) 193. 5 (28. 1) 9. 5 (17. 3) 42. 6 (26. 9) 0. 05 (0. 0) 21. 9 (15. 4) State funds 0 61. 6 (8. 9) 0 8. 1 (5. 1) 0 11. 1 (7. 8) 83. 5 (94. 6) 433. 4 (62. 9) 45. 4 (82. 7) 107. 9 (68. 0) 55. 0 (100. 0) 108. 3 (75. 9) 88. 3 (100. 0) 688. 5 (100. 0) 54. 9 (100. 0) 158. 6 (100. 0) 55. 0 (100. 0) 142. 6 (100. 0) 1. 85 14. 46 1. 15 3. 33 1. 16 3. 00 Scheme Funds Total Per village Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentage to total

Investment on Rural Infrastructure (Percentage to total) Activity Road Developed region MDR 1991 -1992 2004 -2005 Less developed region 1991 -1992 2004 -2005 21. 7 24. 2 14. 6 32. 3 32. 7 39. 5 Street light 2. 4 4. 9 7. 3 5. 2 0 2. 7 Drinking water 4. 2 21. 8 7. 3 18. 9 0. 4 7. 3 Sanitation 3. 3 14. 5 2. 9 4. 0 4. 7 2. 5 Desilting of tanks 1. 4 3. 9 0. 9 2. 9 8. 5 6. 2 Construction of building 0. 9 11. 2 7. 7 1. 3 0 0. 9 66. 1 19. 8 59. 4 35. 3 53. 7 40. 8 88. 3 (100. 0) 688. 5 (100. 0) 54. 9 (100. 0) 158. 5 (100. 0) 55. 1 (100. 0) 142. 6 (100. 0) Others Total

Account wise Investment on Rural Infrastructure Developed Region 2004 – 05 Activity (Rs. in hundred thousands) Panchayat Account 1991 -92 Other schemes 2004 -05 1991 -92 2004 -05 0 34. 6 (17. 9) 19. 2 (23. 0) 131. 8 (26. 6) Street light 2. 1 (43. 8) 28. 9 (14. 9) 0 4. 8 (1. 0) Drinking water 2. 3 (47. 9) 97. 9 (50. 6) 1. 4 (1. 7) 52. 1 (10. 5) 0. 1 (2. 1) 27. 8 (14. 4) 2. 8 (3. 4) 72. 0 (14. 5) Desilting of tanks 0 0. 2 (0. 1) 1. 2 (1. 4) 26. 6 (5. 4) Construction of building 0 1. 2 (0. 6) 0. 8 (1. 0) 75. 6 (15. 3) 0. 3 (6. 3) 2. 9 (1. 5) 58. 1 (69. 6) 132. 1 (26. 7) 4. 8 (100. 0) 193. 5 (100. 0) 83. 5 (100. 0) 495. 0 (100. 0) Road Sanitation Others Total

Account wise Expenditure on Rural Infrastructure by Social Class of Presidents 2004 - 05 (Rs. in hundred thousands) Account Village Panchayat General Account State Funds Scheme Funds Account Total Per village Developed region Moderately developed region General Reserved Less developed region General Reserved 168. 1 (29. 0) 25. 4 (23. 3) 34. 5 (25. 0) 8. 0 (34. 3) 16. 9 (14. 7) 5. 0 (18. 1) 50. 3 (8. 7) 11. 3 (10. 4) 7. 8 (5. 6) 1. 4 (6. 0) 10. 1 (8. 8) 1. 0 (3. 6) 361. 0 (62. 3) 72. 4 (66. 4) 95. 9 (69. 4) 10. 9 (46. 8) 87. 9 (76. 6) 21. 7 (78. 3) 579. 4 (100. 0) 109. 1 (100. 0) 138. 2 (100. 0) 23. 3 (100. 0) 114. 8 (100. 0) 27. 7 (100. 0) 15. 24 10. 9 3. 54 2. 59 2. 95 3. 11

Account wise Expenditure on Rural Infrastructure by Gender of Presidents 2004 - 05 Account (Rs. in hundred thousands) Developed region Moderately developed region Men Women Less developed region Men Women Village Panchayat General Account 132. 6 (30. 2) 44. 3 (25. 7) 29. 9 (27. 0) 12. 7 (26. 6) 14. 8 (16. 9) 7. 2 (13. 1) State funds 46. 5 (10. 6) 15. 1 (8. 7) 6. 4 (5. 8) 1. 6 (3. 4) 10. 5 (12. 0) 0. 6 (1. 1) Scheme Funds Account 249. 7 (56. 9) 113. 2 (65. 6) 74. 5 (67. 2) 33. 4 (70. 0) 62. 5 (71. 2) 47. 1 (85. 8) 438. 8 (100. 0) 172. 6 (100. 0) 110. 8 (100. 0) 47. 7 (100. 0) 87. 8 (100. 0) 54. 9 (100. 0) 13. 61 10. 79 3. 44 2. 98 2. 72 3. 43 Total Per village

Literacy Level in Selected Panchayats Percentages Categories Developed Region Moderately developed region 1991 Census 2001 Census Literates 48 73 49 72 40 70 Illiterates 52 27 51 28 60 30 147848 (100) 180773 (100) 128819 (100) 156326 (100) 99627 (100) 121609 (100) Total Less developed region

Percentage of Livestock of High Quality in Selected Panchayats Livestock Developed Region Moderately developed region Less developed region 1991 Census 2002 Census Cows 29. 79 33. 23 6. 35 85. 81 35. 41 41. 86 Buffaloes 24. 04 28. 75 3. 04 56. 90 29. 06 33. 54 Sheep 8. 65 9. 06 2. 58 12. 00 24. 17 26. 04 Goat 22. 71 28. 44 2. 25 8. 65 17. 92 18. 75 Poultry 29. 58 36. 35 3. 69 38. 13 33. 54 36. 31

Percentage of Livestock Fed with Mixed Feedstuff in Selected Panchayats Livestock Developed Region Moderately developed region Less developed region 1991 Census 2002 Census Cows 40. 10 53. 54 44. 06 87. 92 38. 16 45. 11 Buffaloes 28. 23 49. 06 26. 81 58. 75 39. 86 45. 93 Sheep 7. 50 14. 58 19. 58 34. 33 13. 85 12. 5 Goat - - 19. 06 34. 27 8. 33 9. 27 51. 38 56. 70 9. 58 36. 98 43. 54 49. 89 Poultry

Percentage of population using PHCs Utilization of PHCs Developed Region Moderately developed region Less developed region 1991 2005 None 0 0 0 Less than 25 % 2 0 46 0 54 8 25 - 50 % 92 2 54 46 46 46 50 -75 % 6 94 0 54 0 46 Almost all 0 4 0 0 0 4 48 (100) 48 (100) Total

Availability of Staff in PHCs Whom do you expect to see when you visit a PHC Developed Region Moderately developed region Less developed region 1991 2005 Doctor 16 (33) 48 (100) 2 (4) 47 (98) 18 (38) 48 (100) Auxiliary staff 32 (67) 48 (100) 46 (96) 48 (100) Mid-wife 48 (100) Figures in the parenthesis indicate percentage to total - 48 (100) 46 (96) 48 (100)

Extent of Immunization (Number) 1991 Immunization 2005 Developed region Moderately developed Less developed DPT 2011 5188 1544 4360 6822 1690 BCG 2011 5112 1394 4341 6877 1577 MMR 0 0 21 0 4788 0 OPV 2007 6184 1497 4341 8016 1680 Measles 2007 5001 1499 4342 7121 1662 TTV 2202 8612 3095 4940 11482 2647

Out Migration of Labourers (Number) 1991 2005 Place of work Developed region Moderately developed Less developed In the village 37448 32703 10600 59346 43766 21057 In another village 9582 7143 85420 14490 11228 9734 In the district Headquarters / city 6658 1639 2811 17642 2917 4179 In the city in the State 65 154 90 234 410 289 In another State 0 0 0 50 0 0 Outside the country 0 0 213 94 0 547 53753 41639 22256 91856 58321 35806 Total

Impact of Improved Rural Governance

Impact of Improved Rural Governance Particulars Developed Region Moderately developed region Less developed region 1991 2001 Poverty reduction (%) 29 18 32 21 34 23 Rate of urbanization (%) 40 48 40 46 39 46 Non farm earnings of small and marginal farmers (%) 36 50 26 57 28 56 Attendance at Primary Schools (%) 80 97 75 96 76 96 Electrical connection to rural poor households (%) 96 98 87 96 89 97

Cont’d • Mini bus coverage to interior villages – 0 at 1991 to 80 % during 2005 • Reservation for marginalized groups and women highly successful after a decade of Panchayat Raj implementation • Higher rate of internal revenue generation • Activities of Self Help Groups of women has expanded very fast

Cont’d • Almost all villages have two to three SHGs – slowly moving into economic activities (vermicompost, handicrafts, tiny and small electrical goods, garments, biocontrol agents, masala powder making, courier service • Participation of women in rural governance facilitated the process and performance of Self Help Group activities

Cont’d E Governance • To bring transparency and accountability • Efficient delivery of services • Land records maintenance and updating • Issuance of license and certificates, made easy • Introduction of information kiosks

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