Local Area Network Management Design and Security Hrdvara

Local Area Network Management, Design and Security • Hårdvara i LAN – Kap. 3 i kursboken • Jag har kastat in delar i kapitlet.

Servrar Filhantering (fig 3. 2) • Diskserver • Filserver • Applikationsservrar – Klient/server-teknik • Databas • Ekonomisystem • Web/FTP/m. fl. – ”Terminal”-teknik • MS Terminal server/Citrix • m. fl.

Fig. 3. 2 s. 114 The disk server lets users share the disk. User 1 User 2 User 3 Programs and data can be shared on the file server U. 1 User 2 Word proc. . Spreadsheets Other progs User 9 User area Data area

Högprestanda-anslutning • • • SB SCSI (SCUZZY). Serial SCSI IEEE 1394 (Fire. Wire, i. Link) IP storage/i. SCSI Fibre Channel Serial ATA

Internal devices Terminator CD-rom Disk External devices Terminator Scanner Printer Terminator Fig. 3. 4 SCSI-terminering

SCSI (scuzzy) Small Computer System Interface • SCSI-1 5 MHz 8 bitar 40 Mbps 1 enhet. • SCSI-2 standard SCSI (Narrow). – Narrow 5 MHz 8 bitar 40 Mbps 7 enheter – Fast 10 MHz 8 bitar 80 Mbps 7 enheter. – Wide 5 MHz 16 bitar 80 Mbps 15 enheter. – Fast Wide 10 MHz 16 bitar 160 Mbps 15 enh.

SCSI (scuzzy) SB • SCSI-3. – – – – Ultra SCSI 20 MHz 8 bitar 160 Mbps (20) 7/3… Wide Ultra SCSI 20 16 320 Mbps (40) 15 Ultra 2 SCSI 40 8 320 Mbps (40 MByte/s) 7 Wide Ultra 2 SCSI 40 16 640 (80 MByte/s) 15 Ultra 3 SCSI 80 8 640 Mbps 7 (80 MByte/s) 7 Wide Ultra 3(Ultra 160) 80 16 1280 Mbps (160 MB/s) 15 Ultra 320 16 2560 Mbps (320 MByte/s) 15

SCSI (scuzzy) SB • Singel ended (SE) 1 tråd/signal (1, 5 -3 m) • Differential 2 trådar /signal (motsatt spänning) (25 m) • Low-voltage differential (LVD) lägre spänning (12 m) • SCA Single Connector Attachment

SCSI (scuzzy) • Kontakter Table 3. 3 s. 119 – + VHDCI • SCSI ID – Kontroller ID# 7 (Högst prioritet) – Bootdisk ID# 0 • Terminering Fig. 3. 4 s. 120 • Table 3. 4 s. 121 obs id# 7 & Diff. /LVD

Serial SCSI IEEE 1394 (Fire. Wire, i. Link) SB • IEEE 1394 Fire. Wire 100 -400 Mbps 12, 5 -50 MBps • IEEE 1394 B Fire. Wire 800/Fire. Wire 1600 800 -1600 Mbps 100 -200 MBps Skärmad koppar 4, 5 m, CAT-5 & Fiber 100 m • [45 W]

IP storage/i. SCSI SB • IP Storage is a technology that encompasses block storage transfer over an IP network. • i. SCSI is a protocol standard for encapsulating SCSI in TCP/IP for transfer over an IP network • TCP Offload Technology TCP Offload Engine (TOE)

Fibre Channel SB • Seriellt kommunikationsprotokoll används: – Punkt till punkt – Ringnät (FC-AL) max 126 enheter Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop – Växlat nät (FC fabric) Fibre Channel Fabric 224 adresser (~16 miljoner enheter) Olika fabrikat sällan helt kompatibla

Fibre Channel SB • Koppar-kabel (500 m)- eller Fiber-kabel (~10 km) • Dubblerad kabel för säkerhetens skull. • Felrättande kod på byte och paketnivå • Hastigheter: 100 MByte/s -> 400 MByte/s På gång (1, 6 GByte/s = 12, 8 Gbit/s) • Enheter kan anslutas under drift (Hot-plug) • LAN Free backup

Fibre Channel Class Of Service • FC Class-1: Dedicated connection, full bandwidth, and confirmed delivery • FC Class-2: Confirmed delivery • FC Class-3: "Data Gram" delivery NOT confirmed • FC Class-4: Virtual Connection, fractional bandwidth, confirmed delivery SB

Serial ATA SB • 150 MByte/sec (SATA II 300 MByte/s) Serial ATA is a "serial" architecture as opposed to today's "parallel" ATA internal disc drive bus. Serial ATA wraps many bits of data into a packet and then at a higher speed (up to 50% higher) than parallel, transfers the packet of data down the wire to or from the host. (Point-to-point) With ”parallel” ATA Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) is performed on the data being transmitted back and forth but not on the commands. Serial ATA integrates CRC on the command data packet level for enhanced bus reliability. Cyclic redundancy code detects all single and double-bit errors and ensures detection of 99. 998% of all possible errors. A Serial ATA drive can transfer data at 150 MB/sec on the bus to the host system with extremely reliable accuracy and the Serial ATA interface will continue to allow scalability for a very long time. http: //www. serialata. org/

Hårdvara i en server • • Datalagring Bussar & In/Ut-enheter (I/O) Primär-minne Moderkort/Chipset CPU/Cache Låda med power-supply och UPS Backupenheter Network Interface Card (NIC)

Datalagring • • Floppydisk (FDD) (Diskett) Diverse skivor (ZIP-Drive. MMO m. fl) CD/DVD CD/RW CD-växlare Stora system kostar ofta 500 -1000: -/cd-plats. Flera läsare/brännare kan ofta installeras i växlaren och dessa kan då användas parallellt. • Hårddiskar (HDD) • ”Tapestorage”

Hårddiskar (HDD) SB • IDE 2 st enheter EIDE 2+2 st enheter (vanligast) • SATA 1 st enhet/anslutning • SCSI 1 & 2 7 st enheter SCSI 2 & 3 (Wide) 15 st enheter ------------------------ • JBOD Just a Bunch Of Disks • RAID • NAS/SAN

Bussar • • ISA EISA MCA Local bus VESA local bus PCI local bus AGP(1, 2, 4, 8) (Interna, på moderkortet)

Bild med jämförelse av ”bus”prestanda • Table 3. 5 s. 128 + AGPx 8

In/Ut-enheter (I/O) SB 1. Serie-portar 2. Parallell-portar 3. USB (Universal Serial Bus) 4. IEEE 1394/1394 B (Fire. Wire, i. Link) 5. IDE/EIDE (Integrated drive electronics) 6. SATA (Serial ATA) 7. SCSI (Scuzzy) (Small computer system interface) 8. SSA (Serial storage architecture) 9. Fibre Channel 10. IP-storage/i. SCSI

Primär-minne • Minne Grundrek. 512 -1024 Mbyte i server • Läs om minnen s. 128 -132 • SDRAM • DDR-SDRAM (Dubbel fart) • Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM)

Moderkort/Chipset • • • Nytt • AT/ Baby AT (! För gammalt) ATX (Vanligaste kortet) LPX (PCI-kort på eget ”kort”) NLX (PII/PIII-processor, USB ingår) WTX (Lågpris-kort) EATX (Ej standard max 13” x 12” ”Rackmonteringskortet” 1 U) • Chipset ! (s. 138 -139) • Flerprocessorkort

CPU/Cache SB • CPU 2 st endast 50% ökning av prestanda, men en hängd CPU tillåter ändå access till datorn om den andra svarar. • Cache L 1, L 2 (L 3 i minnet)

Låda med power supply • Krav på låda för server: – Bra med platser för enheter – Luftig (Bra med utrymme och bra fläktar) – Power supply ska orka driva allt. • Figure 3. 13 & Table 3. 8 s. 140 + Rackmonterat 19”-rack • Redundant power supply Dubblerad strömförsörjning inne i dator eller annan utrustning, var och en klarar av att driva hela utrustningen själv.

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) – Batteri-drift – Störskydd – Signalkabel fig. 6. 15 s. 244 – Driftstid batterier? – Skydd för NIC? – Övervakningsbar? (SNMP)

Fig 6. 15 s. 244 COM 1: UPS Power net

Backup-enheter S. 141 -143 • Disketter • Andra skivor – Zipdrive/LS-120 mfl – CD/RW – DVD/RW • Minnesmoduler (extremt snabbt ) • Flyttbara hård-diskar • Backup-station

Backup-station SB • Automatisk Backup: – Autochanger, Autoloader, Library • Backup-tape: – – – – QIC -> 6 Mbyte/minut 1 -5 Gbyte 4 mm. DAT 2. 4 Mbyte/sec 40 GB compressed D 8 (8 mm) 14 GB ? DLT III- IV 1, 5 -6 Mbyte/sec 20 -80 GB compressed Super DLT 12 Mbyte/sec 100 - GB compressed (Quantum. ) AIT Advanced Intelligent Tape (SONY) Ultrium (Ultrium Linear Tape Open (LTO)) IBM, HP and Seagate’s nya bandtyp Generation 1 tape max 100 Gbyte

AIT-1 SB • AIT-1 format, introduced in 1996, capacity 25 GB (65 GB compressed*) An extended length tape for the AIT-1 drive was introduced to offer additional capacity of 35 GB (91 GB compressed*). 3 (7, 8)Mbyte/s data transfer rate (compressed*). *2, 6: 1 komprimering

AIT-2 & 3 SB • AIT-2 capacity 50 GB (130 GB) data transfer rate 6 (15, 6)MB/s • AIT-3 capacity 100 GB (260 GB) data transfer rate 12 (31, 2) MB/s. (compressed)

Mer AIT SB • SAIT-1 capacity 500 GB and a data transfer rate of up to 30 MB/s. • AIT-4 is now in development planning for 2004. In keeping with the original plan of doubling capacity and transfer rate, this format would offer 200 (520)GB of native capacity, with a data transfer rate of 24 (62, 4)MB/s

Ultrium SB • Ultrium provides for 4 different cartridge capacities (20, 60, 100, and 200 GB-assumes 2: 1 compression) and 8 -channel head geometries in the first generation that provides for data transfer rates of 20 -40 MB/ second (2: 1 compression). The multiple-capacity cartridges allow the technology to be matched to capacity, performance, and cost requirements of the application. Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 Generation 4 Capacity(2: 1 comp) 200 GB 400 GB 800 GB 1. 6 TB Transfer Rate MB/sec 2: 1 comp) 20 -40 40 -80 80 -160 160 -320 • Instant Access to Usage Data—via LTO CM (cartridge memory), an embedded electronics and interface module that can store and retrieve a cartridge's historical usage and other information.

Network Interface Card (NIC) • Använd speciella NIC i server eftersom dessa har stöd för snabbare nätaccess, oftast i form av större buffrar. • Stöd för automatisk växling (hot-spare) till reserv NIC kan också finnas. • Läs mer om NIC & kablar i boken s. 143149 & 151 -158

Klientdator (Workstation) • Klientdator – PC med NIC ! • Tunna klienter (Disk-lösa) – Boot. PROM på NIC – OS på server – PXE på NIC – OS på server • MS Terminalservices

Skrivare SB • Skrivare(Printer) Till dom flesta laserskrivare finns nätverkskort som tillbehör. Andra typer av skrivare kan via speciell extern nätverks-utrustning (print-server) ansluta standard parallell-port.

Övrigt SB • Hot-swap Enheten kan bytas under drift • Hot-spare Enheten är monterad i förväg, normalt sker växling till ny enhet automatiskt • Hot-plug Enhet kan kopplas in under drift jmf. USB, Ethernet hub/switch, SAN mfl.