LO 3 Bond Pricing Theorems Bonds of similar

LO 3 Bond Pricing Theorems • Bonds of similar risk (and maturity) will be priced to yield about the same return, regardless of the coupon rate • If you know the price of one bond, you can estimate its YTM and use that to find the price of the second bond • This is a useful concept that can be transferred to valuing assets other than bonds © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -0

LO 3 Differences Between Debt and Equity 7. 2 • Debt • Not an ownership interest • Bondholders do not have voting rights • Interest is considered a cost of doing business and is tax deductible • Bondholders have legal recourse if interest or principal payments are missed • Excess debt can lead to financial distress and bankruptcy © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -1

LO 3 Differences Between Debt and Equity Continued • Equity • Ownership interest • Common shareholders vote for the board of directors and other issues • Dividends are not considered a cost of doing business and are not tax deductible • Dividends are not a liability of the firm and shareholders have no legal recourse if dividends are not paid • An all equity firm can not go bankrupt © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -2

LO 3 Bond Classifications Continued • Call Provision • • Call premium Deferred call Call protected Canada plus call • Protective Covenants • Negative covenants • Positive covenants © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -3

Bond Characteristics and Required Returns LO 3 • The coupon rate depends on the risk characteristics of the bond when issued • Which bonds will have the higher coupon, all else equal? • • Secured debt versus a debenture Subordinated debenture versus senior debt A bond with a sinking fund versus one without A callable bond versus a non-callable bond © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -4

LO 3 Bond Ratings – Investment Quality 7. 3 • High Grade • DBRS’s AAA – capacity to pay is exceptionally strong • DBRS’s AA – capacity to pay is very strong • Medium Grade • DBRS’s A – capacity to pay is strong, but more susceptible to changes in circumstances • DBRS’s BBB – capacity to pay is adequate, adverse conditions will have more impact on the firm’s ability to pay © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -5

LO 3 Bond Ratings - Speculative • Low Grade • DBRS’s BB, B, CCC, CC • Considered speculative with respect to capacity to pay. • Very Low Grade • DBRS’s C – bonds are in immediate danger of default • DBRS’s D – in default, with principal and/or interest in arrears © 2013 Mc. Graw-Hill Ryerson Limited 7 -6