Living Environment Final Exam Blue Review Packet Microscope

Living Environment Final Exam Blue Review Packet

Microscope What is the function of the diaphragm? The part of the microscope that controls the amount of light passing through the opening of the stage What is the function of the coarse adjustment? The part of the microscope that is used for focusing with the low-power objective lens; it is the larger knob of the two focusing knobs. What is the function of the fine adjustment? The part of the microscope that is used for focusing with the high-power objective lens; the coarse adjustment knob should never be used on high power.

Microscope As you increase the magnification, the field of view becomes smaller, but the objects you are viewing appear larger as you zoom into a smaller area. What is the diameter of the microscope field of view (FOV) using the following powers? Scanning Power______ Low Power______ High Power______ Diameter of high-power field of view = Magnification of scanning-power objective X Diameter of low-power FOV Magnification of high-power objective For example, a microscope has a scanning-power objective with a magnification of 4 X and a high-power objective with a magnification of 40 X. If the low-power field of view (FOV) is 3 mm wide, the diameter of the high-power field of view is (4 X 3 mm)/40 = 0. 3 mm. You can use the same formula to calculate the low power field of view

Microscope The larger the field of view, the more light that passes through to your eye. List the field of views from greatest amount of light to least amount of light passing through. Use 1, 2, 3, with 1 being the greatest amount of light. Scanning Power_____1_____ Low Power_____2_____ High Power_____3_____ List the field of views from greatest amount of specimen seen to least amount of specimen seen. Use 1, 2, 3, with 1 being the greatest amount of specimen seen. Scanning Power_____1_____ Low Power_____2_____ High Power_____3_____ List the field of views from highest magnification of the part of specimen seen to lowest magnification of specimen seen. Use 1, 2, 3, with 1 being the highest magnification of the specimen seen. Scanning Power_____3_____ Low Power_____2_____ High Power_____1_____

Microscope The larger the field of view, the more light that passes through to your eye. List the field of views from greatest amount of light to least amount of light passing through. Use 1, 2, 3, with 1 being the greatest amount of light. Scanning Power_____1_____ Low Power_____2_____ High Power_____3_____ List the field of views from greatest amount of specimen seen to least amount of specimen seen. Use 1, 2, 3, with 1 being the greatest amount of specimen seen. Scanning Power_____1_____ Low Power_____2_____ High Power_____3_____ List the field of views from highest magnification of the part of specimen seen to lowest magnification of specimen seen. Use 1, 2, 3, with 1 being the highest magnification of the specimen seen. Scanning Power_____3_____ Low Power_____2_____ High Power_____1_____ Fill in the following table: Magnification Power Field of View (mm) Amount of Specimen seen (More or Less) Amount of Light Entering Eye (More or Less) 100 X More 400 X Less

Describe the function (job) of each of the following cellular organelles: Cellular Organelle Function Nucleus A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for cell growth and reproduction Ribosome An organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell that makes proteins. Mitochondrion The powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration) Chloroplast The organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy Vacuole The cell organelle that stores water and nutrients for the cell; very large in plant cells Golgi Body The organelle that packages cellular materials and transports them within the cell or out of the cell Lysosome A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides Endoplasmic Reticulum a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another

List three uses for the proteins produced on the ribosomes. 1) As enzymes to help catalyze reactions in the cell. 2) As structural materials such as the proteins that make up the cytoskeleton. 3) As transporters to help move materials across membranes. Name the high energy organic molecule produced in the chloroplasts. Glucose Name the high energy molecule produced in the mitochondria when glucose is broken down during cellular respiration. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Organism List the following levels of organization in living things from smallest to largest. organ, tissue, organ system, organism, cell Organ system Organ Tissue Cell

Use the following diagram to answer the items that follow. a. Label the lungs in the diagram Lungs b. Label the body in the diagram c. Label the left ventricle in the diagram 6 d. Label the right atrium in the diagram 3 e. What are the number and name of the blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? 7 – Pulmonary Vein f. What are the number and name of the blood vessel that transports Body deoxygenated blood to the lungs? 2 – Pulmonary Artery g. What are the number and name of the blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood to the heart? 1 – Vena Cava h. What are the number and name of the blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood to the body? 8 – Aorta

Use the following diagram to answer the items that follow. a. Label the brain in the diagram b. Label the left ventricle in the diagram 4 c. Label the right atrium in the diagram 1 d. What are the number and name of the blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain? 6 – Carotid Artery e. What are the numbers and names of the blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart? 7 – Superior Vena Cava 8 – Inferior Vena Cava Brain

Glucose Homeostasis

Examine the diagram showing glucose homeostasis. a. Define homeostasis: The process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment 90 back down back up Insulin It stimulates liver cells to form glycogen

Examine the diagram showing glucose homeostasis. Glucagon stimulates liver cells to change glycogen into glucose. The pancreas is signaled to secrete insulin into the blood.

The pancreas is signaled to produce Glucagon which stimulates to liver to change glycogen into glucose and put it into the blood. When you eat, food is digested and glucose is absorbed into the blood. This creates glucose levels that are too high. The body counteracts this by storing the excess glucose as glycogen. Then the glucose levels are too low, so the body converts glycogen back to glucose. Then the levels are too high, so… Insulin and glucagon are the hormones that convert glucose into glycogen and glycogen into glucose. The levels are never equal and depend on blood glucose. Blood glucose levels above 90 mg/100 ml. Blood glucose levels below 90 mg/100 ml. Blood glucose levels would remain high. Type 1 Diabetes

1) The message travels down Neuron 1, the presynaptic neuron 2) Neurotransmitter chemicals are released by Neuron 1 3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4) Neurotransmitter binds to recpetor sites on Neuron 2, the postsynaptic neuron 5) Ion channels open on Neuron 2 6) The message continues

Below is the chemical equation for photosyntesis. Answer the items that follow. O 2 What are the two starting chemicals for photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide Water What are the two chemicals that are produced during photosynthesis? Glucose Oxygen Why is ligt important to photosynthesis? The main source of energy during photosynthesis is light. That is why photosynthesis is alternatively called a “light reaction” where light energy is converted into chemical energy. What is the name of the green chemical that captures the energy in light and transfers that energy into the bonds of the glucose molecule? Chlorophyll What is the function of enzymes during photosynthesis? Enzymes assist chemical reactions that would normally require too much energy to occur without assistance. Enzymes involved in photosynthesis make it possible for the carbon dioxide and water to be reconfigured into the final sugars.

Below is the chemical equation for photosyntesis. Answer the items that follow. O 2 Why are green plants called producers? They make (produce) their own food Why do you think that someone might call photsynthesis “autotrophic nutrition”? Autotrophic comes from the Greek words “auto” which means self and “trophic” which means nutrition or feeding. So autotrophic nutrition would refer to an organism that feeds itself, or produces their own food.