LITERARY TERMS TO KNOW Definition IMAGERY Descriptive language

LITERARY TERMS TO KNOW

Definition: IMAGERY Descriptive language that appeals to the five senses. -(taste, touch, sound, smell, and sight) Example: “…vanilla sweetens the air, ginger spices it; melting, nose-tingling odors saturate the kitchen, suffuse the house, drift out into the world…” -SMELL

MAKE YOUR OWN EXAMPLE OF IMAGERY • Write your own example sentence showing imagery that appeals to either of the following senses: For SIGHT, think colors and size: • Crimson • Sparkling • Decaying • Tiny For TOUCH, think what something feels like: • Bumpy • Silky • Sharp • Smooth For SOUND, think onomatopoeia: • Crunch • Zapping • Pitter-patter • Dinging For SMELL, think aromas and odors: • Fresh • Musty • Sweet • Rotten For TASTE, think flavors: • Salty • Peppery • Tangy • Citrusy

Definition: ALLITERATION The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are close together. Example: “Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before. ”—Edgar Allan Poe, from “The Raven” -The “D” sound in “doubting, dreaming dreams, dared, and dream”

MAKE YOUR OWN EXAMPLE OF ALLITERATION • Remember that it’s the same consonant SOUND at the beginning of words that are close together. • Chiming and clocks? • No- “ch” and “k” • Stinky shoes? • No- “s” and “sh”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE • Examples: • Definition: • Symbol A word or phrase that does not have its normal everyday, literal • Personification meaning. • Simile • Purpose: • Metaphor To make a literary work more • Idiom interesting or more dramatic than • Hyperbole literal language, which simply states facts.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: SYMBOL Definition: An object, place, or event that stands for something beyond itself. Examples: • = goodwill, promise, commitment • = surrender, peace

CONNECT TO THE TEXT • Explain how the tunnel is a symbol for something greater (include context clues with line numbers) • Explain how the beach is a symbol for something greater (include context clues with line numbers) • Explain how the bay is a symbol for something greater (include context clues with line numbers)

CONNECT TO THE TEXT • Explain how the Old Woman Swamp is a symbol for something greater (include context clues with line numbers) • Explain how the Horsehead Landing is a symbol for something greater (include context clues with line numbers) • Explain how the Doodle’s casket and go-cart are symbols for something greater (include context clues with line numbers)

TAKE AN EDUCATED GUESS • “James Hurst fought for his flag during World War II. ” • “We’re only loyal to the British crown. ” • “Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. ” • “Her hunger strike influenced many. ”

MAKE YOUR OWN EXAMPLE OF SYMBOL • Avoid clichéd examples like the following: =love =peace =luck

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: PERSONIFICATION Definition: Human qualities are given to an object, animal, or idea. Example: “Stars wink at me as I walk home from the dance at night. ”

MAKE YOUR OWN EXAMPLE OF PERSONIFICATION • Think of a human quality or action and apply it to a non-human item. • Avoid “happy, ” “sad, ” and “mad”

Definition: FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: SIMILE A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words “like” or “as. ” Example: • He has a face like a clown. • The earth is as blue as a blueberry.

MAKE YOUR OWN EXAMPLE OF SIMILE • Come up with 2/5 descriptive words that appeal to each of the five senses AND a noun to go with each of them. • Sight • Ex: Glow (n=October sunset) • Sound • Ex: Whistle (n=midnight train) • Touch • Ex: Sticky (n=maple syrup) • Taste • Ex: Sour (n=War Head candy) • Smell • Ex: Citrusy (n=freshly cut lemons) • Then create one complimentary sentence using one of your words and the noun in a simile: • EX: Your skin glows like an October sunset. • EX: That new kitchen cleaner smells as citrusy as freshly cut lemons.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: Definition: METAPHOR A figure of speech comparing two SEEMINGLY dissimilar things that actually share a commonality (without using “like” or “as. ”) Example: -“All the world’s a stage” -The teenager’s stomach was a bottomless pit.

MAKE YOUR OWN EXAMPLE OF METAPHOR • Choose one of the following metaphor examples: • The dad is a bear. • Jamal was a pig at dinner. • You are my sunshine. • The clouds are balls of cotton. • Expand one of the metaphors using context clues. EX: The dad is a bear in the morning because he growls at everything in his way.

METAPHOR MAN AND SIMILE GIRL • One half of the room write down as many metaphors as you can from the following video • The other half, write down as many similes as you can

OXYMORON Definition: • A phrase consisting of two words that seem to contradict each other Examples: • Jumbo shrimp • Act natural • Living dead

COMMON OXYMORONS

ONOMATOPOEIA Definition: • A word that sounds like what it means. Examples:

NOW YOU TRY TO IDENTIFY THE ONOMATOPOEIA Use onomatopoeia to show what’s happening in the pictures

PUN Definition: A play on words. Makes use of a word’s multiple meanings or of a word’s sound. Example: • Fortunato gestures to show he is of the secret brotherhood: the Freemasons • Montresor pulls out a trowel (builder’s tool) and says he is a mason too!

MORE FUN WITH PUNS! How do you get a Pikachu onto a bus? • You pokemon! (poke him on!) I have a fear of speed bumps, but I slowly got over them.

LET’S TRY THIS PUN TOGETHER! After much careful research it has been discovered that the artist Vincent Van Gogh had many relatives. Among them were: • His obnoxious brother - Please Gogh • The brother who ate lots of prunes - Gotta Gogh Help add to the family tree by thinking of other words that have the suffix “-go. ”

IRONY Definition: A contrast between reality and appearance, where reality is the opposite of what it seems. (Situational Irony: Honors only) Example: From “The Cask of Amontillado, ” the character Fortunato’s name literally means “fortunate” (which means lucky). • It’s ironic that his name means “lucky” and he turns out to be very unlucky (it’s the opposite of what you’d expect)

MORE EXAMPLES • Alanis Morissette’s song titled “Ironic” is itself ironic because almost none of her examples in her verses are actually ironic! They’re mostly just unfortunate coincidences! • The only example in her song that actually is ironic is the one about a man who was afraid to fly and he waited his whole life to take this one flight. When he finally took his first flight, his plane crashed. • A fire department burns down • The English teacher giving a spelling test has misspelled some of the words • A Neo-Nazi (means new age generation of Nazis) finds out he’s Jewish • “Water, water everywhere but not a drop to drink” • The cynic journalist has to write a human interest piece on the joys of life • (James Marsden in 27 Dresses starring Katherine Heigl)

HOW TO WRITE GOOD 1. Avoid Alliteration. Always. 6. 2. Prepositions are not words to end sentences with. Seven: Be consistent! Writers should never generalize. 8. Don’t be redundant; don’t use more words than necessary; it’s highly superfluous. Who needs rhetorical questions? 3. Avoid clichés like the plague. They’re old hat. 4. Comparisons are as bad as clichés. 9. 5. Be more or less specific. 10. Exaggeration is a billion times worse than understatement.

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN! • Think of a scenario that is typical. • Then put a twist on it that is the opposite of what a person would expect to happen in that scenario. • If it’s NOT the opposite of what is expected, then IT’S NOT IRONIC! It’s just a coincidence.

TYPES OF IRONY: HONORS 9 ONLY • Verbal Irony Definition: • Dramatic Irony Definition: When the audience knows something the character does not. Example: 3 rd You’re watching a scary movie that’s in person omniscient. The camera shows the killer hide in the closet just before the victim walks in the room and unknowingly goes to the closet to hang up her coat…DON’T DO IT GIRL! RUN! HE’S IN THERE WAITING! When someone knowingly exaggerates one thing they say but means the opposite (sarcasm, basically). Example: Someone book checks you in the hallway sending all of your stuff flying. You whip around to them and yell, “Thank you for doing that! I’m already having a great day!”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: IDIOM Definition: • An expression whose meaning is not predictable from the literal meaning • EX: “hit the road”=time to go • EX: “It’s raining cats and dogs”= it’s raining very hard

MORE EXAMPLES OF IDIOMS • Hook, line, and sinker • Out of the blue • Find the silver lining • Yellow-bellied • At the drop of a hat • Hit the nail on the head • On the dot • To take under one’s wing • Out of your depth • Over your head • Below the belt • A double dog dare • Come hell or high water • Rub someone the wrong way • Sick as a dog • Pay the piper

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN! • Come up with the correct idiom for each of the following meanings: • 1. Being sad • “Got the blues” • 2. Feeling ill • “Under the weather” • 3. Making something easier by taking short cuts • “Cutting corners” • Now, come up with three of your own idioms and have a neighbor tell you what the meanings are. • 1. • 2. • 3.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: HYPERBOLE Definition: A figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect. Examples: • I’m so hungry I could eat a horse! • I’ve seen that movie a billion times. • If I don’t get the new Smartphone for Christmas, I’ll die! • My Grandpa is older than dirt.

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN! Instead of “yo’ mama” jokes, you’re going to do “yo’ so (nice word)” compliments using hyperboles. Examples: • Yo’ so cool and kind, you put the “ice” in “nice. ” • Yo’ so beautiful, you give the sun a reason to shine. • Yo’ so sweet, you’re giving me a toothache just listening to you. • Come up with three of your own and circle your best one! 1. 2. 3.

ALLUSION Examples: Definition: • The rise in poverty will unlock the An indirect reference, within Pandora’s box of crimes. a literary work, to something • Don't be a Scrooge! that the audience is expected to know such as a • You are carrying the weight of the world on your shoulders. famous person, event, or • When you feel betrayed by a literary work. friend, you can say, "You too, Brutus? "

ALLUSION The Simpsons and Movies • http: //flavorwire. com/323107/10 -of-thegreatest-simpsons-movie-references/10 Halos Clementines and The Godfather • https: //youtu. be/PD_a. Xm. Rbrek Willy Wonka and Shakespeare • https: //youtu. be/8 D 3 M 6 j 1 XAk 4 • More examples http: //www. slideshare. net/Doreen. Matte son/allusions-27700553 • More examples in songs https: //youtu. be/dxzc 3 x. Yx 9 z. I? list=RDdxz c 3 x. Yx 9 z. I • Nike name and slogan are allusions http: //www. businessinsider. com/history-of -nike-facts-about-its-50 th-anniversary 2014 -11

FORESHADOWING Definition: • A writer’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in a story. Purpose: • Creates suspense • Tantalizing Examples: • Scene opens on a dark and stormy night with a mysterious and old castle/mansion. • Early in the film, The Matrix, Neo is told to follow the "White Rabbit" and seconds later, his doorbell rings, and when he opens the door he finds a woman with a tattoo of a white rabbit on her shoulder.

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN Drop your reader in a scene that has foreshadowing. This will need to be at least 5 sentences to create suspense!