Literary Archetypes Archetypes are repeated patterns that recur

Literary Archetypes “Archetypes are repeated patterns that recur in the literature of every age” (Sloan 48).

What is an archetype? An archetype is a term used to describe universal symbols that evoke deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader u In literature, characters, images, and themes that symbolically embody universal meanings and basic human experiences, regardless of when or where they live, are considered archetypes. u Common literary archetypes include stories of quests, initiations, scapegoats, descents to the underworld, and ascents to heaven. u

Archetypes are… u Primordial (according to Jung): That is, we, as individuals, have these archetypal images ingrained in our understanding even before we are born. u Universal: These archetypes can be found all over the world and throughout history. The manifestation of the idea may be different, but the idea itself is the same.

Carl Jung u u u Swiss psychologist/psychiatrist whose study of the nature of the human mind resulted in two basic concepts that are important in examining and analyzing literature. Collective unconsciousness unconscious/subconscious mental record of all common human experiences (examples –love, passion, birth, death, anger, peace, evil, spirituality, etc) archetypes – symbols which express our “collective unconscious, ” which are our common human experiences

Common Character Archetypes u u u The Star-Crossed Lovers (1) This is the young couple joined by love but unexpectedly parted by fate. example - Romeo and Juliet Unfaithful wife (2) married to a man she sees as dull and unimaginative physically attracted to a more virile or desirable man example - Guinevere

u u u u Hero The main character leaves his or her community to go on an adventure, performing deeds that bring honor to the community examples – Beowulf Devil figure offers worldly goods, fame, offers knowledge to the protagonist in exchange for possession of his soul examples - Satan Villain a cruelly malicious person who is involved in or devoted to wickedness or crime

u u u Scapegoat (3) The scapegoat figure is one who gets blamed for everything, regardless of whether he/she is actually at fault. Example – Tom Robinson Outcast (4) a figure who is banished from a social group for some crime against his fellow man he/she is usually destined to become a wanderer example - Gollum

Trickster (5) u crosses both physical and social boundaries-- the trickster is often a traveler, and he often breaks societal rules. Tricksters cross lines, breaking or blurring connections and distinctions between "right and wrong, sacred and profane, clean and dirty, male and female, young and old, living and dead“ Example: Anansi u The innocent (6) u Child/Youth Inexperienced adult Example: Jem and Scout u

u u u u The great teacher/mentor (7) wise old man represents knowledge, wisdom, spirituality of soul, insight protects or helps main character when he or she faces challenges. example - Merlin Earth mother (8) symbolic of fruition and abundance as well as fertility example - Mother Nature

u u u The Shrew (9) This is that nagging, bothersome wife always battering her husband with verbal abuse. example - Katherine Enchantress/ Temptress (10) characterized by sensuous beauty usually involved in downfall of the hero or protagonist examples - the Sirens, Calypso, and Cleopatra

u The Loss of Innocence This is, as the name implies, a loss of innocence through sexual experience, violence, or any other means. u The Initiation This is the process by which a character is brought into another sphere of influence, usually (in literature) into adulthood. E. g. Jem and Scott in To Kill a Mockingbird u u Situational Archetypes

u u u Quest Characters are searching for something, whether consciously or unconsciously. Their actions, thoughts, and feelings center around the goal of completing the quest. example - Ahab’s quest for the albino whale Task A situation in which a character, or group of characters, is driven to complete some duty often of monstrous proportion. example --Frodo’s task to keep the ring safe in The Lord of the Rings

u u u u u Fall describes a descent, usually of a hero, from a higher to a lower state of being usually involves spiritual defilement and/or loss of innocence also involves an expulsion from some kind of paradise example - Adam and Eve Night journey descent into earth followed by a return to light usually, knowledge has been gained through the experience example - Orpheus

Common Image Archetypes Certain images that recur in myths and other genres of literature often have a common meaning or tend to elicit comparable psychological responses and to serve similar cultural functions. u Water u Sun u Colors u Shapes, numbers, and other objects u

Water u a symbol of life, cleansing, and rebirth—represents the mystery of creation u Examples: Sea—spiritual mystery and infinity; timelessness and eternity River—death / rebirth (baptism), flowing of time into eternity, transitional phases of the life cycle

Sun u Represents energy, creativity, thinking, enlightenment, wisdom, spiritual vision, the passing of time, and life Examples: Rising Sun—Birth and creation Setting Sun—Death

u u u Red—love, sacrifice, hate, evil, anger, violent passion, sin, blood, disorder Green—birth / death, fertility, luck, hope, jealousy, decay, greed Blue—sadness, spiritual purity, truth, religious feelings of security Black—power, doom, death, darkness, mystery, primal wisdom, unconscious evil White—purity, innocence, death, terror, supernatural, blinding truth Colors

http: //www. slideshare. net/Rachal. James/the-psychology-of-colorpresentation u Orange – vibrant – combination of red and yellow – denotes energy, warmth, and the sun – less intensity or aggression than red – calmed by the cheerfulness of yellow u Brown – wholesomeness and earthiness – represents steadfastness, simplicity, friendliness, dependability, and health – warm neutral color that can stimulate the appetite

Shapes Circle (Sphere) wholeness, unity Egg (Oval)—the mystery of life and the forces of regeneration

Animals u. Dark-colored bird u. Snake (raven, hawk)—death, (serpent, worm) hate, corruption —evil, corruption, sensuality, u. Light-colored destruction, bird (dove)— wisdom, peace, love, life temptation

Numbers u Three (3)—represents unity, spiritual awareness, and light u Four (4)—cycle of life, (earth, water, fire, air) nature u Seven (7)—unity between 3 and 4, completion and perfect order

garden u paradise, innocence, unspoiled feminine beauty, fertility u desert u lack of spirituality, death, hopelessness u

Mountains and peaks u Highest peak is place to “see” far u Place to gain great insight u Caves and tunnels u Deep down where character delves into self u Place that character goes when “invisible” or inactive u At the extreme, may signify death u

Forest u Habitat of the Great Mother (Mother Nature), Fertility. The vegetation and animals flourish in this “green world” because of the sustaining power of the Great Mother. Symbolically the primitive levels of the feminine psyche, protective and sheltering. Those who enter often lose their direction or rational outlook and thus tap into their collective unconscious.

Tree uproliferation, life, immortality growth, uroad or train ujourney through life

Character Archetypes The great teacher/mentor u Hero u Outcast u Villain u Earth mother u Circle u The innocent u u Gandalf Aragorn u Gollum u Sauron u Galadriel u Ring u Frodo u