Listing Arguments Here are the facts we all

Listing Arguments • Here are the facts we all must confront. • • First, the number of Palestinians living west of the Jordan River is. . • . . . . , technology will make it harder for Israel to defend itself. • . . , a new generation of Arabs is reshaping the region.

Adding a point First, Second, Third • sounds unnatural to do this more than three times • Do not use fourthly and fifthly !!!!!! • to start with, initially, furthermore, moreover, plus, what is more, besides, in addition, on top of that, • ultimately = finally, in the end

ultimately • 1. finally, after everything else has been considered, - eventually • Ultimately, you'll have to decide for yourself. • 2. at the most basic and important level • All life depends ultimately on oxygen. • . . . a long but ultimately successful campaign

Enumeration • • a cataloguing of what is being said BEGINNING OF A DESCENDING ORDER first and foremost first and most importantly

mark the END OF ASCENDING ORDER • • above all most important of all; especially Above all, keep in touch. Perhaps above all, in terms of the causes of the Arab Spring, . . • last but not least • not less important than the others

condition -IF • • • If. . . . . Britain leaves, on condition that, assuming that, provided that, supposing that,

Giving evidence-examples • UKIP leader Nigel Farage says some countries have thrived outside the EU, • . . . , Swiss and Norway. • for example; for instance; namely; an example of this is/are. . , a case in point: , notably; chiefly; mainly;

a case in point- a relevant example • Now, as a case in point, let's look at nineteenth-century England. • The Cuban missile crisis is a case in point. • Let´s take it as a case in point.

Example • to be an excellent, fine, good, obvious, notable example- click on: • https: //www. ldoceonline. com/dictionary/example#example__5 • . . Swiss and Norway should be mentioned here to illustrate the point under discussion.

Contrast • On the one hand, Norway and Switzerland have access to the single market but are not bound by EU laws on agriculture, fisheries, etc. • . . , both countries - Norway and Switzerland, have to abide by many EU rules without any influence over how they are formed.

Contrast – linkers • however, on the one hand … on the other hand, by contrast, conversely, • in contrast to. . , on the contrary, but, • yet • In contrast to China´s rapid expansion, the West is going through a period of recession.

templates = models • On the other side of the coin, interest in Japan has peaked at new record levels. • In contrast, the south suffered very little hurricane damage. • ‘It must have been terrible. ‘On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute. ’

Conversely • Conversely, this means excluding or limiting immigration won’t necessarily lift wages or benefit natives in other ways. • You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.

But = Contrast, Concession • I have not been well recetly. Still, it could be worse. • Nick is in love with Rita, however, in love with Tim. • Everyone thought that Ema should accept the offer. Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it over. • I do no want to be late. On the other hand, I do not want to get there early.

Concession = admittedly • indicates –the previous view is accepted with reservations •

Conceding • If off out, millions of jobs could be lost as global manufacturers move to lowercost EU countries. • . . . , with medium-sized firms freed from EU regulation, there could be a jobs boom. • Although, Inspite of the fact, though, nonetheless, However, Nevertheless, Still, Yet, Even so, Albeit

Despite, Inspite of, Even though, Though

Albeit = Although-Even though • He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us. Oxford online dictionary • The evening was very pleasant, albeit a little quiet. • He tried, albeit without success. • He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation. Cambridge online dictionary Longman online dictionary • The movie was entertaining, albeit long. • Merriam -Webster dictionary

nonetheless = none the less- despite what has just been said or done • The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining. (Oxford Advanced Dictionary) • It was only a small donation, but it was gratefully received nonetheless. • Despite being younger than the others, Smith was nonetheless a valuable member of the team. • Nonetheless, the region still plays an important role in the country´s economy. • (Cambridge Advanced Dictionary) • SYN: however, still, yet (Cambridge Advanced dictionary)

Conceding a point and making a counter-argument Oxford Advanced Dictionary • • Whi. Ie the film is undoubtedly too long, it is nevertheless an intriguing piece of cinema. It can be argued that the movie is too long. It is nonetheless an intriguing piece ofcinema. The film is undoubtedly too long. Still, it is an intriguing piece of cinema. Of course, huge chunks of the book have been sacrificed in order to make a two-hour movie, but it is nevertheless a successful piece of storytelling. Critics are wrong to argue that the film 's plot is too complicated. Certainly there a couple of major twists, but audiences will have no difficulty following them. It is true that you cannot make a good movie without a good script, but it is equally true that a talented director can make a good script into an excellent film. It remains to be seen whether these two movies herald a new era of westerns, but there is no doubt that they represent welcome additions to the genre.

templates • ‘Although / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’ • ‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school. • The book is short but / yet interesting’

While, whilst = Although • In formal contexts with a similar meaning to although • to qualify st. what is said in the main clause, st. it may seem in conflict with it • While/ Whilst = although there is no evidence Peter cheated, . . we were all astonished he passed the exam.

While, whilst • come before or within the main clause, but not ! ! ! after it • NOT like ! ! ! : We were all astonished that Peter passed the exam, ! ! ! while/ whilst there is no evidence Peter cheated. • (from the Cambridge advanced grammar)

While/ Wheras = Contrast • While /whereas Sue gets very litte, Dave gets lots of homework, • The West is going throug a period of recession whereas/while China is expanding.

While = Although • ! ! ! Although / While Ann´s father comes from Spain, she does not speak Spanish • NOT !!!: Whereas - where what is said in the subordinate clause makes what is said in the main clause unexpected. • (from the Cambridge advanced grammar)

all/just the same = nevertheless • He's not very reliable, but I like him just the same. • ‘Will you stay for lunch? ’ ‘No, but thanks all the same. ’ • All the same, there's some truth in what she says.

in contrast = however, nevertherles, inspite, despite • -comparing 2 items to show differences

Reformulation • expressing something in another way • in other words, that is to say, to put it more simply, to put it another way, simply put • It’s fairly risky. Or to put it another way (=say it in different words), don’t try this at home. (Longman online dictionary)

By way of summary - in a few words • J. Carter hoped for greater trust between the two nations, more trade, more cultural exchanges - in short, a genuine peace. • In brief, the meeting was a disaster. • To put it in a nutshell, we're bankrupt.

emphasizing-specifying • The most overriding task of the US should be the stopping of Soviet expansion. . . . • More concretely, the Soviet military threat. • more pointedly, to be more exact, more exactly, in particular, particularly

Clarifying = more correctly speaking • She worked as a secretary, or rather, a personal assistant. • my father, or rather my stepfather • • used to correct something you have said, or to give more accurate information better to say

-in the strict sense of the word • - being completely accurate • Strictly, Strictly speaking, the idea of the lack of cooperation among states is absolutly wrong.

Logical relations • The UN Special Commission has promised to take further steps. • . . . . , all peace-keeping forces have been withdrawn. • As a result /Accordingly/Thus/Hence, • Therefore, So, Consequently, For this reason,

Giving reasons - Why. . . ? • Britain could not negotiate an "amicable divorce„ and retain strong trading links with EU nations. . . • . . France, Germany would never allow Britain a "pick and mix" approach to the bloc's rules. • since, because, as, inasmuch as, in that, seeing that, on account of

templates • Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home • Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home

owing to, due to = because

in that, inasmuch as =because

Similarity • Laurent Fabius warned: "You can't do Europe a la carte". • . . . , Guido Westerwelle said "cherry picking is not an option". • Similarly, in the same way, alike

Similarity • • Swiss as well as Norway Politicians and voters alike are too concer ned with short-term problems Swiss and Norway alike have decided for. .

Viewpoint –spoken from

Comment adverbs

needless to say-as is self-evident • used to emphasize that the information you are giving is obvious • The problem, needless to say, is the cost involved. • Needless to say, we're on a very tight budget.

Introducing a new subject or aspect within the topic • In sofar as/ As far as. . . is concerned • As for. . , • As to. . . . • On the question of. . . • When it comes to. . . • As concerns. . . • As regards. . .

http: //www. phrasebank. manchester. ac. uk/summary-and-transition/ • Regarding X, … As regards X, … In terms of X, … In the case of X … With regard to X, … With respect to X, … On the question of X, … As far as X is concerned, …

templates = models • On the issue of whether Ukraine should orient itself more towards the EU or Russia • As for security, every state has the right to self-defense. . . • When it comes to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, . . .

Giving authority - direct speech • "Any violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity would be deeply destabilising, . . " Obama said. • He added: "Just days after the world came to Russia for the Olympic games, . . . " • As Nye puts it, "A world composed of greatly unequal units. . "

templates = models • In the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways. . . " • Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992: 156). As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to. . " (Smith , 2000: 150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".

indirect reporting speech • • Smith points out holds argues maintains that. . . claims concludes suggests points to the fact. .

templates = models • Waltz holds that interdependence is relatively low in the present bipolar system. . . In his view, real interdependence requires. . . .

templates = models • According to Smith (2003), preventative strikes are far more effective. . . • As Smith reminds us, . . • Elsewhere, Smith has argued that. . • Smith (2003) points to the fact that • Recent evidence suggests that. . (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) • elsewhere - in, at another place

Quotations- adding • On the issue Mr Kozhara also pointed out that "there are eight million ethnic Russians living in the country". • He went on to say it seemed that his claim to have been kidnapped and tortured was not absolutely true

opposing views • Brzezinski counters that for China, the benefits of pushing the U. S. out of Asia will be outweighed by the rise of a nationalistic Japan. . .

Opposing views • Lampton counters Mann by stating/arguing that the building of democratic institutions takes time, . . . • Mann, on the other hand argues that American scholars, and policy-makers need to foster more important institutional structures in China,

hereinafter – hereafter = from now on • (from this point on; in a subsequent part of this document, an abbreviated term will be used) • The Central Intelligence Agency (hereinafter referred to as CIA, or hereinafter abbreviated as CIA)

Graphs, Charts • As the graph/table/chart illustrates • As the article/document/survey demonstrates/mentions. . . • As can be seen from the experiment/data/diagram. . . . • (from the Cambridge advanced grammar)

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