Liquid Fuel Rockets COSMOS Cluster 3 8 2

Liquid Fuel Rockets COSMOS Cluster 3 8 -2 -07 Nupur Dokras Alejandro Arambula Aaron Brinkman http: //school. discovery. com/clipart/images/rocket_lineart. gif

Outline n History of Liquid Fuel Rockets n Basics of Operation and Design n Uses in modern day world

Introduction n n Space Race • Military use: USSR, Germany and U. S. • Space exploration: Apollo and Soyuz programs Communication and Globalization • Cell phones, satellite TV, GPS, video conferencing Transportation: X-Prize Scientific Experiments • Space Shuttle Program http: //unold. dk/paddling/php/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/spaceshipone. jpg

History n Konstantin Tsiolkovsky • Early modern astronautic theorist • Rockets derivation of the rocket equation n Robert H. Goddard • Launched 1 st liquid fuel rocket in 1926 • Patented multi-stage rockets http: //astro. sentvid. org/predavanja/potocnik/slike/Tsiolkovsky. jpg http: //www. epower-propulsion. com/epower/gallery/Hist-Goddard%20 Rocket. jpg http: //www. insearchofstuff. com/wp-content/uploads/equation. png

Basics of a Rocket n Thrust • Newton’s 3 rd Law n To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction • Specific Impulse n Measurement of the efficiency of a rocket engine n Momentum per unit of propellant n Thrust vs. weight flow of propellants http: //exploration. grc. nasa. gov/education/rocket/Images/newton 3 r. gif http: //content. answers. com/main/content/wp/en/math/3/f/c/3 fc 7476 b 25 d 891 a 1 e 162 ca 7 d 177 ec 6 ee. png

http: //www. grc. nasa. gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Images/lrockth. gif

Nozzles n Low altitude n Medium Altitude n High Altitude http: //www. aero. org/publications/simmons/images/1 h. gif

Nozzle Types http: //media. nasaexplores. com/lessons/01 -001/images/nozzles. gif

Stability n n n Center of pressure below center of gravity Fins • Spin Center of Gravity • Rotates around one point • Pressure forces force rocket back into stable position http: //exploration. grc. nasa. gov/education/rocket/Images/rktstab. gif

Fuel and Oxidizer n n Hydrazine (monopropellant) • 3 N 2 H 4 3 N 2 + 8 H 2 Hydrazine (fuel) and Dinitrogen Tetroxide • 2 N 2 H 4 + N 2 O 4 3 N 2 + 4 H 2 O Liquid Oxygen and Hydrogen • 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O Hydrogen Peroxide (mono- or bipropellant) • 2 H 2 O 2 2 H 2 O + O 2

Hybrid n n Uses solid fuel and liquid oxidizer • Fuels: Polyethylene, Poly-Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) • Oxidizer: Nitrous Oxide, Gaseous Oxygen, Hydrogen Peroxide, Liquid Oxygen Space. Ship. One • Flies at twice the speed of sound • Solid fuel - tire rubber: Hydroxylterminated polybutadiene • Oxidizer - laughing gas (Nitrous Oxide)

Liquid Rockets vs. Hybrid Rockets n Advantages to Hybrids • Easier to control throttle • Safer to produce and store • More environmentally friendly • Reusable parts n Advantages to Liquid Rockets • More reliable • More control over thrust • More variable (interchangeable parts) • Light weight

Liquid Rockets vs. Hybrid Rockets n Disadvantages to Hybrids • • n More complex - technology More expensive Less common Not as strong as liquid propellant Disadvantages to Liquid Rockets • Difficult to store liquid fuel at cold temperature • Less dense propellant • Complex - too many parts

Conclusion n Liquid rockets increasingly more important • Project Constellation http: //www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/constellation/multimedia/ares_collage. html

Bibiliography n n Benson, Tom. “Rocket Stability. ” http: //exploration. grc. nasa. gov/education/rocket/rktstab. ht ml. July 24, 2007. Bellis, Mary. “How Rockets Work. ” http: //inventors. about. com/od/rstartinventions/a/Solid. Prope llant_2. htm July 31, 2007. “Hybrid Rocket Motor Solid Fuel Grain” : //www. patentstorm. us/patents/5339625 -description. html August 23, 1994. July 27, 2007. “Launch Systems and Launch Sites: Principles of Rocket Propulsion. ” http: //www. fas. org/spp/military/docops/army/ref_text/chap 6 im. htm. July 30, 2007.

Bibliography n n n “Rocket Nozzle Shapes. ” http: //www. aerospaceweb. org/design/aerospike/shapes. shtml. July 30, 2007. “Solid Fuel vs. Liquid Fuel Rockets. ” http: //www. sover. net/~sbjohn/chemistry/chemx/solidvsliquid. html. July 25, 2007. Valdes, Robert. “How Space. Ship. One Works. ” http: //www. howstuffworks. com/spaceshipone 5. htm. 1998. July 26, 2007.

Acknowledgements n Michael Paskowitz n Professor Hafez