LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS CARRIER LNG What is LNG

? LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS CARRIER (LNG)

What is LNG ? Lique fied Natural Gas O O At Minus 260 Fahrenheit (-162 C) Reduces to 1/600 of its original volume Natural Gas Vessel insulation is crucial !

Membrane type LNG carrier tank layers of insulation The membrane is where there Then 4 layers have been “gluing” problems of insulation BALLAST WATER OUTER HULL INNER HULL 1. 8 metres (6 feet) 2 nd layer Insulation 2 nd Membrane 1 st layer Insulation Membrane

So where all the reserves of natural gas then ? Known reserves at 1 Jan 2011 Source: http: //www. aneki. com/countries 2. php? t= Countries_with_the_Largest_Natural _Gas_Reserves&table=fb 167&places=*=*&order=desc&orderby=fb 167. value &decimals=--&dependency=independent&number=all&cntdn=asc&r=-67 -6869 -70 -71 -72 -73 -74 -76&c=&measures=Country-proven%20 reserves%20 of%20 gas%20%28 cu%20 m%29&units=--&file=gas

There are 2 methods for transporting the gas …. or a combination of both… …. by pipeline … …. or by sea…

. . and the ships get bigger and bigger PRISMATIC (Q - Max) TYPE MEMBRANE TYPE Tanks fully incorporated the TYPE ship’s Tanks independent of into the ship’s hull MOSS-ROSENBURG

Loading, carriage and discharging LNG carriers Natural gas is cryogenically liquefied into LNG on-shore Transferred from shore to vessel 1) Directly at the terminal Cryogenic hose LNG PLANT 2) Offshore at a buoy mooring On board, LNG kept at boiling point (-162°C) to deliberately allow some “boil off” Discharging is done EITHER “Boil off” : TEMPERATURE as LNG using cryogenic hoses (as with loading) Heaton board ( and then pumping as a gas) …. . or by allowing LNG to vaporise Heat STORAGE TANK

What is L P G? Liquefied Petroleum Gas Liquefies at -42 ºC Propane (C 3 H 8) -0. 5 ºC Butane (C 4 H 10) Odour added Ethanethiol (CH 3 CH 2 SH ) The greater the % of propane in the LPG, the more pressurized (or lower temperature) it needs to be, to remain liquefied % of butane in the LPQ Pounds per square inch pressure required Temperature (C) Source: http: //www. engineeringtoolbox. com

Carriage of LPG Semi-pressurized, semi-refrigerated ships have a cargo carrying capacity of 5, 000 cubic metres under temperature and pressure condition of -10 degree Centigrade and 8. 5 kg/ cm 2 respectively. Larger vessels can carry at temperature of -48 degree Centigrade. As the boiling point of LPG is much higher than LNG, a re-liquefaction plant on the ship can load the cargo as gas and liquefy it onboard. Heating and cooling facilities are also provided for smooth discharging of the cargo

LNG CARRIER INSURANCE ISSUES Current cost to build between $180, 000 - (152, 000 cu. m. ) $290, 000 (270, 000 cu. m. ) “Sloshing” Damage Claims BILL $22, 000 + Containment Systems Claims BILL $35, 000 + Insulation adhesive weakness claims Has led to Total Loss The only yards with repair capability……. ……are too busy building new ones !

L. N. G. Carriers Just one of 10 vessel types covered by Steve Harris during the Marsh Marine Insurance Weeks For more information or a brochure, contact Marion J. Paul, Marsh Norwich U. K. Tel: + Intl 44 (0)1603 207098 E-mail: Marion. J. Paul@marshoperations. co. uk